Abstract
Link prediction has long been the focus in the analysis of network-structured data. Though straightforward and efficient, heuristic approaches like Common Neighbors perform link prediction with pre-defined assumptions and only use superficial structural features. While it is widely acknowledged that a node could be characterized by a bunch of neighbor nodes, network embedding algorithms and newly emerged graph neural networks still exploit structural features on the whole network, which may inevitably bring in noises and limits the scalability of those methods. In this chapter, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework, namely hyper-substructure enhanced link predictor (HELP), for link prediction. HELP utilizes local topological structures from the neighborhood of the given node pairs, avoiding useless features. For further exploiting higher-order structural information, HELP also learns features from hyper-substructure network (HSN). Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets have shown the state-of-the-art performance of HELP on link prediction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Atwood, J., Towsley, D.: Diffusion-convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1993–2001 (2016)
Batagelj, V., Mrvar, A.: Pajek Datasets. http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/data/mix. USAir97.net (2006)
Bojchevski, A., Klicpera, J., Perozzi, B., Blais, M., Kapoor, A., Lukasik, M., Günnemann, S.: Is pagerank all you need for scalable graph neural networks? In: Proceedings of the 15th MLG (2019)
Brin, S., Page, L.: The Anatomy of a Large-scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine (1998)
Cao, S., Lu, W., Xu, Q.: Deep neural networks for learning graph representations. In: AAAI, vol. 16, pp. 1145–1152 (2016)
Dong, Y., Chawla, N.V., Swami, A.: metapath2vec: Scalable representation learning for heterogeneous networks. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 135–144 (2017)
Grover, A., Leskovec, J.: node2vec: Scalable feature learning for networks. In: Proceedings of the 22nd SIGKDD, pp. 855–864. ACM, New York (2016)
Hamilton, W., Ying, Z., Leskovec, J.: Inductive representation learning on large graphs. In: Proceedings of the 31st NeuralPS, pp. 1024–1034 (2017)
Jaccard, P.: Bulletin de la société vaudoise des sciences naturelles. Etude Comparative de la Distribution Florale dans une Portion des Alpes et des Jura 37, 547–579 (1901)
Jeh, G., Widom, J.: Simrank: a measure of structural-context similarity. In: Proceedings of the Eighth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 538–543 (2002)
Katz, L.: A new status index derived from sociometric analysis. Psychometrika 18(1), 39–43 (1953)
Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)
Kipf, T.N., Welling, M.: Variational graph auto-encoders. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.07308 (2016)
Kipf, T.N., Welling, M.: Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of 5th ICLR. OpenReview.net (2017)
Kovács, I.A., Luck, K., Spirohn, K., Wang, Y., Pollis, C., Schlabach, S., Bian, W., Kim, D.K., Kishore, N., Hao, T., et al.: Network-based prediction of protein interactions. Nature Commun. 10(1), 1–8 (2019)
Leicht, E.A., Holme, P., Newman, M.E.: Vertex similarity in networks. Phys. Rev. E 73(2), 026120 (2006)
Lü, L., Zhou, T.: Link prediction in complex networks: A survey. Physica A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 390(6), 1150–1170 (2011)
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013)
Newman, M.E.: Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Phys. Rev. E 64(2), 025102 (2001)
Newman, M.E.: Finding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices. Phys. Rev. E 74(3), 036104 (2006)
Perozzi, B., Al-Rfou, R., Skiena, S.: Deepwalk: online learning of social representations. In: Proceedings of the 20th SIGKDD, pp. 701–710 (2014)
Ravasz, E., Somera, A.L., Mongru, D.A., Oltvai, Z.N., Barabási, A.L.: Hierarchical organization of modularity in metabolic networks. Science 297(5586), 1551–1555 (2002)
Salton, G., McGill, M.: Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval (1983)
Sen, P., Namata, G., Bilgic, M., Getoor, L., Galligher, B., Eliassi-Rad, T.: Collective classification in network data. AI Mag. 29(3), 93–93 (2008)
Spring, N., Mahajan, R., Wetherall, D.: Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 32(4), 133–145 (2002)
Tang, J., Qu, M., Wang, M., Zhang, M., Yan, J., Mei, Q.: Line: Large-scale information network embedding. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1067–1077 (2015)
Veličković, P., Cucurull, G., Casanova, A., Romero, A., Liò, P., Bengio, Y.: Graph attention networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICLR (2018)
Vincent, P., Larochelle, H., Bengio, Y., Manzagol, P.A.: Extracting and composing robust features with denoising autoencoders. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1096–1103 (2008)
Wang, D., Cui, P., Zhu, W.: Structural deep network embedding. In: Proceedings of the 22nd SIGKDD, pp. 1225–1234. ACM, New York (2016)
Watts, D.J., Strogatz, S.H.: Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature 393(6684), 440–442 (1998)
Yu, W., Cheng, W., Aggarwal, C.C., Zhang, K., Chen, H., Wang, W.: Netwalk: A flexible deep embedding approach for anomaly detection in dynamic networks. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 2672–2681 (2018)
Zhang, M., Chen, Y.: Link prediction based on graph neural networks. In: Proceedings of 32nd NeurIPS, pp. 5171–5181 (2018)
Zhang, M., Cui, Z., Neumann, M., Chen, Y.: An end-to-end deep learning architecture for graph classification. In: AAAI, vol. 18, pp. 4438–4445 (2018)
Zhang, J., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Xuan, Q.: Hyper-substructure enhanced link predictor. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 2305–2308 (2020)
Zhou, T., Lü, L., Zhang, Y.C.: Predicting missing links via local information. Eur. Phys. J. B 71(4), 623–630 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, J., Chen, J., Xuan, Q. (2021). Link Prediction Based on Hyper-Substructure Network. In: Xuan, Q., Ruan, Z., Min, Y. (eds) Graph Data Mining. Big Data Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2609-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2609-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-2608-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-2609-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)