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Synthesis of Materials with Unusual Oxidation State

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Handbook on Synthesis Strategies for Advanced Materials

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Abstract

Materials having ions in unusual oxidation states have been of interest for long time due to their relevance in understanding the oxidation–reduction process of various physicochemical phenomena, fundamental ionization process of elements as well as their challenging chemistry to prepare them. The ions in unusual oxidation states are usually unstable, and in turn they transform to stable state under ambient conditions or by feeble alteration of thermodynamic parameters or chemical environments. Since attaining such oxidation states is energetically unfavourable, they are generally achieved by either extreme or non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions or diagonally opposite mild reactions where alternate paths are adopted. The varieties of unusual oxidation states can be conveniently obtained in solutions, but they are extremely reactive and short-lived, and are often encountered as intermediates in various chemical reactions. Cations with such oxidation states can also be stabilized by a variety of organic ligands. However, this chapter is mainly focussed on solid materials where the ions are stabilized primarily by inorganic counter ions and have significantly higher stability for further studies. In this chapter, a brief overview on preparation of materials having unusual oxidation state is presented. The chapter initially explains about the unusual oxidation state and their interest, and then the modes of their stabilization. There are several case studies explaining the process of stabilization of lower and higher valent states, and the role of judicious chemical and thermodynamic conditions, and crystal structure to stabilize them are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India

    S. N. Achary & A. K. Tyagi

  2. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India

    S. N. Achary & A. K. Tyagi

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  1. S. N. Achary
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  2. A. K. Tyagi
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Correspondence to S. N. Achary .

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  1. Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    A. K. Tyagi

  2. Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Raghumani S. Ningthoujam

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Achary, S.N., Tyagi, A.K. (2021). Synthesis of Materials with Unusual Oxidation State. In: Tyagi, A.K., Ningthoujam, R.S. (eds) Handbook on Synthesis Strategies for Advanced Materials. Indian Institute of Metals Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1892-5_5

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