Abstract
Tourism industries, inclusive of the accommodation and food services [AFS] sector, are considered one of the main drivers of economic growth in Australia. Tourism industries collectively contributed over $100 billion to Australia’s GDP and employed nearly one million people in 2019. One of the emergent issues associated with tourism industries is the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the impacts of transformative digital technologies. Globally, it has been rightfully pointed out that digital technologies have advanced rapidly in recent years and are now considered as game-changers for tourism industries. However, although the business-centric view of digital opportunities associated with the 4IR has received significant attention, the policy-centric examination of the 4IR and tourism industries nexus remain under the radar in Australia. This chapter responds to this gap and draws on the three pillars of the Automation Readiness Index (EIU 2018a, b) – innovation, education and employment policies landscapes – in order to explore the challenges and the potential way forward for the AFS sector within tourism industries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aabak. (2020). Aabak. Viewed 17 June 2020. https://aabak.com/
ABC. (2020). China warns citizens not to travel to Australia amid ‘increased’ racism since coronavirus outbreak. ABC News June 6th 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-06/do-not-travel-to-australia-china-warns-citizens-of-racism/12328488
ABS. (2019). Characteristics of employment, Australia, August 2019. Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. Viewed August 1st 2020. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6333.0
ABS. (2020). One third of Accommodation & food services jobs lost. Viewed 10 August 2020. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/mediareleasesbyCatalogue/C9E9F14708FC0AE7CA25855E0018F325?OpenDocument#:~:text=%3A30am%20(AEDT)-,One%20third%20of%20Accommodation%20%26%20food%20services%20jobs%20lost,Australian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics%20today
AISC. (2020). Tourism, travel and hospitality. Australian Industry and Skills Committee, viewed 7 May 2019. https://nationalindustryinsights.aisc.net.au/industries/tourism-travel-and-hospitality
APEC. (2017). Developing the tourism workforce of the future in the APEC region APEC tourism working group. Singapore: APEC Secretariat.
Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79–95.
Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2012). Tourism industry. Viewed 10 August 2020. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Tourism%20Industry~135
Australian Government. (2018a). Australia’s Tech future: Delivering a strong, safe and inclusive digital economy. Canberra. Viewed 5 September 2019. https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2018-12/australias-tech-future.pdf
Australian Government. (2018b). Beyond tourism 2020 Steering Committee. Canberra. Viewed August 2 2020. https://www.tourisminvestment.com.au/content/dam/assets/document/1/7/4/7/s/2011672.pdf
Australian Jobs. (2020). Accommodation and food services. Canberra, Australian Government. https://australianjobs.employment.gov.au/jobs-industry/accommodation-and-food-services#:~:text=Accommodation%20and%20Food%20Services%20is,entry%20level%20opportunities%20for%20workers
Bankwest. (2018). Focus on hospitality 2018. Perth: Bankwest Future of Business.
Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices (2nd ed.). University of South Florida. Open Access Textbooks Collection, Book 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
Brown, K., Dhakal, S. P., Wiedemann, M., & Daniel, L. (2019). Enhancing niche tourism: Prospects for South West Western Australia to integrate tourism and Agri-food systems (Research report no. 21/19). Perth: Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre.
Carey, A. (2018). Parliament of NSW advertising two barista jobs that come with a seriously generous wage. https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/careers/parliament-of-nsw-advertising-two-barista-jobs-that-come-with-a-seriously-generous-wage/news-story/7b053d57b654ed91d01df6308810ff43
Catalyst VR. (2020). Taste of Melbourne and Lûmé partner on a Festival First, a multi-sensory virtual dining experience like no other. https://catalystvr.com.au/works/lume-through-the-looking-glass/
Chau, D. (2019). Uber drivers are not employees, Fair Work Ombudsman finds. Sydney, ABC News. Accessed 17 January 2020. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-07/uber-fair-work-ombudsman-investigation-contractor-employee/11189828
Cloutman, N. (2020). Tourism in Australia no holiday: Revenue is expected to fall in the current year due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Melbourne: IBISWORLD.
Cockburn, G. (2020). Tourism jobs hard hit by bushfires and COVID-19 with further job losses expected later in the year. The Australian August 6th 2020. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/tourism-jobs-hard-hit-by-bushfires-and-covid19-with-further-job-losses-expected-later-in-the-year/news-story/2807b2453707379c38742f7bc955306f
Copper City Motel. (2020). About us. http://www.coppercitymotel.net.au/content/about-us
Cranston, M. (2020). Australia has trade avenues beyond China, CBA says. Australian Financial Review, July 10th 2020. https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/australia-s-alternative-to-china-s-threat-on-trade-20200710-p55avd
Deloitte Access Economics. (2018a). Tourism 2030 supply side requirements to support the development of the 2030 tourism strategy Austrade 2018. Canberra: Deloitte Access Economics.
Deloitte Access Economics. (2018b). Economic effects of Airbnb in Australia. Viewed 3 August 2020. https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/economics/articles/economic-effects-airbnb-in-australia.html
Deloitte Economics Access. (2015). Australian tourism labour force report: 2015–2020. Canberra: Australian Trade Commission.
Department of Home Affairs. (2020). Skilled occupation list. Viewed August 15 2020. https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/working-in-australia/skill-occupation-list
Dhakal, S. P., & Tjorko, S. P. (2020). Chapter 13: Travel and tourism workforce planning and development for sustainable development in Indonesia. In K. Dayaram, L. Lambey, J. Burgess, & T. W. Afrianty (Eds.), Developing the workforce in an emerging economy: The case of Indonesia (pp. 165–176). London: Routledge.
Dhakal, S. P., Mahmood, M. N., & Brown, K. (2014). Segment analysis for specialist/boutique holiday accommodation provider in Southeast Queensland (Project completion report). Gold Coast: Collaborative Research Network. Enterprise Connect, Canberra ACT.
Dhakal, S. P., Mahmood, M. N., & Bogati, R. (2018). Bridging the energy access divide for sustainable development: Policies and prospects in Nepal. International Journal of Public Policy, 14(1/2), 104–118.
Dhakal, S. P., Dahal, D., & Dahal, S. (2020). Chapter 11: Nepal. In Nankervis et al. (Eds.), The future of work in Asia and beyond: A technological revolution or evolution? (pp. 167–183). London: Routledge.
DISER. (2019). Industry 4.0. Canberra, Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources [DISER] Viewed August 15 2020. https://www.industry.gov.au/funding-and-incentives/industry-40
Dwyer, L., Edwards, D. C., Mistilis, N., Roman, C., Scott, N., & Cooper, C. (2008). Megatrends underpinning tourism to 2020: Analysis of key drivers for change. Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre.
Edmonds, D., and Bradley, T. (2015). Mechanical boon: will automation advance Australia? Canberra, Australian Government or the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Accessed 7 May 2019. Available at: https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/June%202018/document/pdf/mechanical-boon_-_will_automation_advance_australia.pdf?acsf_files_redirect
EIU. (2018a). The automation readiness index: Who is ready for the coming wave of automation? London: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Limited. Viewed 19 July 2019. www.automationreadiness.eiu.com/static/download/PDF.pdf.
EIU. (2018b). The automation readiness index: Who is ready for the coming wave of automation? London: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Limited, viewed 7 May 2019, https://www.automationreadiness.eiu.com/static/download/PDF.pdf.
Faethm. (2020). Technology impacts on the Australian workforce. Sydney, ACS. Viewed 6 July 2020. https://www.acs.org.au/insightsandpublications/redirect-20200626.html?report=technologyImpactsOnTheAustralianWorkforce
Guerreiro, S, (2019). A roadmap for destination management in the digital economy. World Economic Forum, Viewed 6 February 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/a-roadmap-for-destination-management-in-the-digital-economy/
Hajkowicz, S. A., Reeson, A., Rudd, L., Bratanova, A., Hodgers, L., Mason, C., & Boughen, N. (2016). Tomorrow’s digitally enabled workforce: Megatrends and scenarios for jobs and employment in Australia over the coming twenty years. Brisbane: CSIRO.
Hen-na Hotel. (2020). About us. Hen-na Hotel, 2020. Viewed August 15 2020. https://www.hennnahotelmaihamatokyobay.com/en-gb/about-us
Holiday Rentals Surfers Paradise [HRSP]. (2020). Surfers paradise accommodation specialists. https://hrsp.com.au/
IBISworld. (2020). Tourism in Australia – Market research report. Melbourne, IBISWORLD Viewed 1 August 2020. https://www.ibisworld.com/au/industry/tourism/1903/
Johnston, M. P. (2017). Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has come. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 3(3), 619–626.
KJA. (2019). Tourism 2030 strategy consultation workshop report – Summary report. Canberra: Austrade. Viewed August 15 2020. https://www.austrade.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/10476/2019-austrade-tourism-2030-workshop-webinar-summary.pdf.aspx.
KPMG. (2020). The 2020 fourth industrial revolution benchmark. Melbourne: KPMG.
Lee, C., & Lin, R. (2020). UberEATS: Using technology to build a reliable food delivery experience. UberEATS Viewed July 15 2020. https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/ubereats-tech-update-2/
Lee, P., Hunter, W. C., & Chung, N. (2020). Smart tourism city: Developments and transformations. Sustainability, 12(10), 3958.
Leiper, N. (2008). Why ‘the tourism industry’ is misleading as a generic expression: The case for the plural variation, ‘tourism industries’. Tourism Management, 29(2), 237–251.
Ludlow, M., & Housego, L. (2020). Tourism now employs one in 13 Australians. August 15th 2019 Australian Financial Review. https://www.afr.com/companies/tourism/tourism-now-employs-one-in-13-australians-20190815-p52hbv
Macmillan, J. (2020). Warning to states on coronavirus border closures as tourism industry takes $55 billion hit. ABC News, 3 September 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-03/government-state-borders-coronavirus-tens-billions-tourism-loss/12622982
MITI (2018). Industry 4WRD: National Policy on Industry 4.0. Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). Viewed 5 September 2019. https://www.miti.gov.my/miti/resources/National%20Policy%20on%20Industry%204.0/Industry4WRD_Final.pdf
Muro, M., Maxim, R., & Whiton, J. (2019). Automation and artificial intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places. Massachusetts: Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2019.01_BrookingsMetro_Automation-AI_Report_Muro-Maxim-Whiton-FINAL-version.pdf.
Nankervis, A., Connell, J., Cameron, R., Montague, A., & Prikshat, V. (2019). ‘Are we there yet?’ Australian HR professionals and the fourth industrial revolution. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12245.
OECD. (2016). Tourism trends and policy priorities. In OECD (Ed.), OECD tourism trends and policies. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2018a). OECD tourism trends and policies 2018. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2018b). Effective policy approaches for quality Investment in Tourism (OECD tourism papers, no. 2018/02). Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/88ea780c-en.
OECD. (2020). OECD tourism trends and policies 2020. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Once Alike. (2020). About us. https://oncealike.com/about
Oracle Food and Beverage. (2017). Restaurant 2025 emerging technologies destined to reshape our business. California, Oracle. Viewed 19 August 2020. https://www.oracle.com/a/ocom/docs/dc/restaurant2025-report-latest.pdf?elq_mid=73491&sh=&cmid=BUMK170313P00052
Peceny, U. S., Urbančič, J., Mokorel, S., Kuralt, V., & Ilijaš, T. (2019). Tourism 4.0: Challenges in marketing a paradigm shift. In Consumer behavior and marketing. IntechOpen.
Pencarelli, T. (2019). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information technology & tourism. Viewed August 15 2020. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40558-019-00160-3.pdf
Pinzone, M., Fantini, P., Perini, S., Garavaglia, S., Taisch, M., & Miragliotta, G. (2017, September). Jobs and skills in industry 4.0: An exploratory research. In IFIP international conference on advances in production management systems (pp. 282–288). Cham: Springer.
Restaurants and Café Australia. (2019). Online delivery gobbles up profits as restaurants find themselves forced into partnering with them. Media Release. http://rca.asn.au/rca/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/RAC-Disrupter.pdf
Sagar, M. (2020). Singapore’s Tourism Board uses technology and digitisation to support sector during pandemic. Viewed August 15 2020. https://opengovasia.com/singapores-tourism-board-uses-technology-and-digitisation-to-support-sector-during-pandemic/
Santonerous, A. (2020). ‘A dead town’: Restaurants take whopping 80% hit from coronavirus. February 19 2020. Viewed July 2 2020. https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-restaurants-take-whopping-80-hit-from-coronavirus-231826224.html
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
SEDB. (2017). The Singapore smart industry readiness index. Singapore: Singapore Economic Development Board (SEDB).
Service Skills Australia. (2013). Tourism, travel & hospitality workforce development strategy 2014–2019. Canberra: Commonwealth Government.
SkillsIQ Limited. (2019). Tourism, travel, and hospitality 2019 industry reference committee industry skills forecast. Sydney: SkillsIQ Limited. Accessed 17 January 2020. Available at: https://www.skillsiq.com.au/ResourcesResearchandSubmissions/2019IndustrySkillsForecasts
SkillsIQ Limited. (n.d.). Events qualifications – A case for change. Sydney, SkillsIQ Limited. Accessed August 1st 2020. https://www.skillsiq.com.au/site/DefaultSite/filesystem/documents/Cases%20for%20Change/FINAL%20Events%20Case%20for%20Change.pdf
Tan, S. L. (2020). Why has the China-Australia relationship deteriorated into what some are calling ‘trade war 2.0’? South China Morning Post July 1st 2020. Accessed August 1st 2020. https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3091182/why-has-china-australia-relationship-deteriorated-what-some
Tourism & Events Queensland. (2015). Beacons signal new way for visitors to explore Queensland 29 March 2015. https://teq.queensland.com/news-and-media/past-media-releases/beacons-signal-new-way-for-visitors-to-explore-queensland
Tourism Accommodation Australia. (2017). Submission to the Department of Immigration & Border Protection Changes to the Temporary Skilled Migration Programme. Accessed August 1st 2020. https://www.tourismaccommodation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/010617Temporary-Skilled-Migration-Submission-FINAL.pdf
Tourism Australia. (2019). Sydney to host Alipay Global Pilot Program. Viewed August 15 2020. https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/news-and-media/news-stories/Sydney-to-host-Alipay-global-pilot-program.html#:~:text=Alipay%2C%20the%20world%92s%20leading%20mobile,Chinese%20New%20Year%20festive%20period
Tourism Tribe. (2020). Tourism industry benefits from new technology to meet 2020 capacity requirements. Viewed 2 July 2020. https://www.tourismtribe.com/tourism-industry-benefits-from-new-technology-to-meet-2020-capacity-requirements/
TRA. (2019). Technology disruptors in tourism. Canberra: Tourism Research Australia [TRA]. Viewed August 1 2020. https://www.tra.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/185/Disruptor%20report%202019.pdf.aspx.
TRA. (2020). Tourism Businesses in Australia June 2018. Canberra, Tourism Research Australia, Viewed 1 July 2020. https://www.tra.gov.au/Economic-analysis/tourism-businesses
Treuren, G. J., Manoharan, A., & Vishnu, V. (2019). The hospitality sector as an employer of skill discounted migrants. Evidence from Australia. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, Viewed 1 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1655859.
TTF. (2020). Estimated impact of coronavirus on the Australian visitor economy. Sydney: Tourism and Travel Forum [TTF]. https://www.ttf.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Economic-Impact-of-Coronavirus-TTF.pdf.
Tussyadiah, I. (2020). A review of research into automation in tourism: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on artificial intelligence and robotics in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102883.
UNWTO. (n.d.). Glossary of tourism terms. Madrid: UNWTO. Viewed 10 August 2020. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms#:~:text=Tourism%20is%20a%20social%2C%20cultural,personal%20or%20business%2Fprofessional%20purposes.
UQ News. (2020). Sunny outlook for domestic tourism post COVID-19 restrictions. Brisbane: University of Queensland. Accessed 1 December 2020. Available at: https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2020/04/sunny-outlook-domestic-tourism-post-covid-19-restrictions.
WEF. (2018). The global competitiveness report. Geneva: World Economic Forum (WEF).
WEF. (2019). The travel & tourism competitiveness Report 2019 travel and tourism at a tipping point. Geneva: The World Economic Forum [WEF]. Viewed June 10 2020, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf.
WEF. (n.d.). Closing the skills gap. Geneva: World Economic Forum (WEF). Viewed June 10 2020, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_System_Initiative_Future_Education_Gender_Work_Closing_Skills_Gap_pagers….pdf.
WTTC. (2020). Australia 2020 annual research: Key highlights. Geneva: The World Travel & Tourism Council [WTTC]. Viewed August 1st 2020. https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dhakal, S.P. (2021). Accommodation & Food Services. In: Nankervis, A., Connell, J., Montague, A., Burgess, J. (eds) The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1614-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1614-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1613-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1614-3
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)