Skip to main content

Employing Modern Technologies in the Cultivation and Production of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fenugreek

Abstract

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual plant of Fabaceae family. It has various medicinal properties. The plant is used as spice or forage crop. It is native to the Mediterranean countries and it is also used as a spice plant in many parts of the world. The seeds and leaves of the fenugreek have been used commonly in traditional medicine because of including some important phytochemicals such as diosgenin, trigonellin, and fenugreekine. The used area of the fenugreek should be increased in different industry as food containing health-giving additives and having medicinal benefit as its phytochemicals. Fenugreek cultivation can increase the diversity of farming systems, improve its profitability, and make an important contribution to human health. This plant has been grown in arid and semi-arid region of the world as easily. However, yield, production and sowing area of fenugreek have lower values compared to other legume plants. Thus, best scientific strategies including breeding programs or cultural application should be implemented to improve the high yield of fenugreek species. Applications of different agricultural system can increase the fenugreek yield and phytochemical properties, thus it can contribute both crop production and soil management. This chapter emphasizes on the various scientific prospective including agricultural, agronomical, nutraceuticals, and industrial uses of fenugreek from past to present. In addition to this, it will moot for new research areas and different used areas of fenugreek.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdelgani, M.E., Elsheikh, E.A.E. and Mukhtar, N.O. 1999. The effect of Rhizobium inoculation and chemical fertilization on seed quality of fenugreek. Food Chem. 64(3): 289-293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharya, S.N., Thomas, J.E., Basu, S.K. (2006b). Fenugreek: an “old world” crop for the “new world”. Biodiversity 7(3-4):27-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharya, S.N., Srichamroen, A., Basu, S., Ooraikul, B., Basu. T. (2006a). Improvement in the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek. Songhlanakarin Journal of Science & Technology 28 (1): 1-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharya, S.N., Thomas, J.E., Basu, S.K. (2008). Fenugreek, an alternative crop for semiarid regions of North America. Crop Science, 48: 841-853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acharya, S.N., Basu, S.K., Datta Banik, S., Prasad, R., 2010. Genotype×environment interactions and its impact on use of medicinal plants. The Open Nutr. J. 3, 47-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aggrwal, K.B., Ranjan, J.K., Rathore, S.S., Saxena, S.N., Mishra, B.K., 2013. Changes in physical and biochemical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella sp. L.) leaf during different growth stages. Int. J. Seed Spices 3, 31-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahari DS, Hassandokht MR, Kashi AK, Amri A. 2014. Evaluation of genetic diversity in Iranian fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) landraces using AFLP markers. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal, 30(1): 155-171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Alghamdi S, Mahmood K, Afzal M (2016) Fenugreek a multipurpose crop: Potentialities and improvement. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 23: 300-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaghemand, S., Ayyubi, H., Hasanpour, E., Olfati, J.A., Saadatian, M., Hamidoghli, Y., Kazemi, S., Karimi, H. (2017). Effects of organic fertilizers on growth and biochemical characteristics of Fenugreek. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 109(2):197-203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Maamari IT, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Saady NA. 2014. Assessment of genetic diversity in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) in Oman. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 16: 813-818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alwhibi, M.S., Soliman, D.A.W. 2014. Evaluating the antibacterial activity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract against a selection of different pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 8(2): 817-821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aminifard, M.H., Jorkesh, A., Fallahi, H.R. (2019). Biochemical, morphological and reproductive growth response of fenugreek to foliar application of glycine betaine and salicylic acid. Zeitschrift fur Arznei- & Gewurzpflanzen, 23(1): 43-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amir, M., Ahmad, A., Siddique, N., Mujeeb, M., Ahmad, S., Siddique, W. (2012). Development and validation of HPTLC method for the estimation of diosgenin in vitro culture and rhizome of Dioscorea deltoidea. Acta Chromatographica, 24: 111-121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitha, B., Lakshmi Narayana Reddy, M., Dorajee Rao, A.V.D., Kiran Patro, T.S.K.K., Salomi Suneetha, D.R. 2016. Effect of sowing date on yield and quality of fenugreek. Plant Archives, 16(1): 479-484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arivalagan, M., Gangopadhyay, K.K., Kumar, G. (2013). Determination of steroidal saponins and fixed oil content in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Genotypes. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 75(1): 110-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.113542.

  • Balch, P.A. (2003). Prescription for Dietary Wellness (third ed.), Penguin, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt, D.S. 1988. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) responses to sowing date and spacing. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 58:437-439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baricevic, D., Zupancic, A. (2002). The impact of drought stress and/or nitrogen fertilization in some medicinal plants. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 9:53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basch, E., Ulbricht, C., Kuo, G., Szapary, P., Smith, M. (2003). Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. Alternative Medicine Review, 8: 20-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baswana, K.S., and M.L. Pandita. 1989. Effect of Time of Sowing and Row Spacing on Seed Yield of Fenugreek. Seed Res. 17:109-112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu, S. K., S. N. Acharya, M. Bandara, and J. Thomas. 2004. Agronomic and genetic approaches for improving seed quality and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in western Canada. In Proceedings of Science of Changing Climates-Impact on Agriculture, Forestry, 38. Wetlands, July 20-23, 2004, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu SK. 2006. Seed production technology for fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in the Canadian. Master of Science Thesis. Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. p: 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu SK, Acharya SN, Cárcamo HA, Thomas JE. 2006b. Study on the potential insect pests of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in North America with particular emphasis on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An Important Medicinal and Aromatic Crop the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) in the greenhouse and plant bugs (Lygus and Adelphocoris, Miridae, Hemiptera) in the field. Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, 3(1): 1-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu SK, Acharya SN, Thomas JE. 2006a. A report on powdery mildew infestations caused by Erysiphe polygoni D.C. in North America grown fenugreek. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 44(2): 253256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu SK, Acharya SN, Thomas JE. 2008. Application of phosphate fertilizer and harvest management for improving fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed and forage yield in a dark brown soil zone of Canada. KMITL Sci. Tech. J. 8(1): 1-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu, S.K., Thomas, J.E., Acharya, S.N., 2007. Prospects for growth in global nutraceutical and functional food markets: a Canadian perspective. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1: 637-649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu S.K., Acharya, S.N., Bandara MS, Friebel D, Thomas JE. 2009.Effects of genotype and environment on seed and forage yield in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown in western Canada. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 3(6): 305-314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu, S.K., Agoramoorthy, G. (2014). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L): Production challenges and opportunities for Asia, Africa and Latin America. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 1-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu, S.K., Zandi, P., Cetzal-Ix, W. (2017). Opportunities for fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as a chemurgic crop in the emergent global nutraceutical and functional food industries. International Journal on Agricultural Sciences 8(1): 9-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benichou, A., Aserin, A., Garti, N. 1999. Steroid-saponins from fenugreek seeds: Extraction, purification and surface properties. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol, 20, 581-605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyzi, E., Güneş, A., Arslan, M., Şatana, A. (2019).Effects of foliar boron treatments on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.): Detection by PCA analysis. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(16); 2023-2032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieńkowski, T., Żuk-Gołaszewska, K., Kurowski, T., Gołaszewski, J. (2016). Agrotechnical indicators for Trigonella foenum-gracum L. production in the environmental conditions of Northeastern Europe. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 21(1):,16-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.37573.

  • Billaud, C. and Adrian, J. 2001. Fenugreek: composition, nutritional value and physiological properties. Sci. Alim. 21(l):3-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitarafan, Z., Asghari, H.R., Hasanloo, T., Gholami, A., Moradi, F., Khakimov, B., Liu, F., Andreasen, C. (2019). The effect of charcoal on medicinal compounds of seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) exposed to drought stress. Industrial Crops and Products, 131: 323-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çamlıca, M., Yaldız, G. (2019). Characterization of morphological and yield variation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes. Legume Research, 42(4): 500-504. doi: https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-444.

  • Chakraborty, N., Chatterjee, S., Basu, S.K., Acharya, K. (2014). Fungal diseases of fenugreek. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, Fenugreek Special Issue (March/April):171-185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalghoumi, R., Mabrouki, S., Abdouli, H., Line, J.E. 2016. In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) crude extracts against a rabbit Escherichia coli isolate. Pharmaceutical Biology. 4(11):139-144. Nov.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary S., Chaudhary P.S., Chikara S.K., Sharma M.C., Iriti M. (2018). Review on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and its important secondary metabolite diosgenin. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(1):22-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chayut, N., Sobol, S., Nave, N., Samach, A., 2014. Shielding flowers developing under stress: Translating theory to field application. Plants 3, 304-323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen PS, Shih YW, Huang HC, Cheng HW. 2011. Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, inhibits migration and invasion of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells by reducing matrix metalloproteinases expression. PLoS One, 6(5): e20164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y.Y., Tang, Y.M., Yu, S.L., Han, Y.W., Kou, J.P., Liu, B.L., Yu, B.Y. (2015). Advances in the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of diosgenin. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 13: 578-587. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30053-4.

  • Dangi R.S., Lagu, M.D., Choudhary, L.B., Ranjekar, P.K., Gupta, V.S. 2004. Assessment of genetic diversity in Trigonella foenum-graecum and Trigonella caerulea using ISSR and RAPD markers. BMC Plant Biology, 4: 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-4-13.

  • Dathar, V., Afrojahan, Pindi, P.K. (2017). Antibacterial activity of Trigonella foenum graecum leaf extracts on clinical isolates. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 5: 948-955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detoroja, H.J., Sukhadia, N.M., Malavia, D.D. 1995. Yield and nutrient uptake by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian J. Agron. 40:160-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, B., Pariari A., Debnathand A., Khan, S. (2011). Response of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to different levels of nitrogen and Rhizobium. Journal of Crop and Weed, 7(2): 28-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • ElNour, M.E.E., Ali, A.M.A., Saeed, B.E.A.E. 2015. Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of callus and seeds extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(2): 147-157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazli FRY, Hardman R. (1968). The spice, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): Its commercial varieties of seed as a source of diosgenin. Tro. Sci. 10: 66-78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farook Ali S., Lal G., Aiswath O.P., Chahar O.P., Choudhary S., Mathews C. and Anwer M.M. (2012). Possibilities and potential of Rhizobial inoculants in organic production of fenugreek in arid and semiarid regions of Rajasthan. International J. Seed Spices 2(1): 39-45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, W.R. (1993). Principles of Cultivar Development: Theory and Technique. Vol. II. USA: Macmillan Publishing Company, 536 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghasolia, R.P., Shivpuri, A. (2007). Management of sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard through cultural practices. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 37: 244-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, V.K., Bhope, S.G., Kuber, V.V., Sagulale, A.D. (2012). An improved method for the extraction and quantitation of diosgenin in Tribulus terrestris L. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies. 35: 1141-1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, B.S., G.S. Randhawa, and S.S. Saini. 2001. Effect of sowing date and herb-cutting management on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian J. Agron. 46:364-377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez P., Ortuno A., Del R.J.A. (2004). Ultrastructural changes and diosgenin content in cell suspensions of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. by ethylene treatment. Plant Growth Regul. 44:93-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GROW.0000049415.62026.c3.

  • Gurjar, M., Naruka, I.S., Shaktawat, R.P.S. (2016). Variability and correlation analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Legume Research, 39(3): 459-465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hora A, Malik CP, Kumari B. 2016. Assessment of genetic diversity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in northern India using RAPD and ISSR markers. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(1): 179-183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, A., Singh, B., Solanki, R.K., Saxena, S.N., Kakani, R.K. (2013). Genetic variability and character association in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). International Journal of Seed Spices, 3(2):22-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain SC, Rosenberg H, Stohs SJ. 1977. Steroidal constituents of Trigonella occulta tissue cultures. Planta Ned. 31: 109-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jani, R., Udipi, S., Ghugre, P. (2009). Mineral content of complementary foods. Indian J. Pediatr., 1: 37-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jongebloed, M. 2004. Coriander and Fenugreek. p. 229-235. In S. Salvin et al (ed.) The New Crop Industries Handbook, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), Australian Government, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamal, R., Yadav, R., Sharma, G. L. 1987. Diosgenin content in fenugreek collected from different geographical regions of south India. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 57: 674-676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keivanrad, S., Zandi, P. (2012). Effect of nitrogen levels on growth, yield and oil quality of indian mustard grown under different plant densities. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(2): 105-113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S.N., Naz, S., Farooq, S., Tahira, J.J. (2014). Fenugreek agronomy from the perspective of production and postharvest constraints. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, Special Issue, 109-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kharat, S.N., Singh, R., Mendhulkar, V.D. (2015). Quantitative analysis for diosgenin content in Elephantopus scaber (Linn.) by HPTLC using successive solvent extraction method. Pharma Letter, 7: 236-244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khiriya, K.D., and B.P. Singh. 2003. Effect of phosphorus and farmyard manure on yield, yield attributes and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian J. Agron. 48: 62-65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khorshidian, N., Asli, M.Y., Arab, M., Mortazavian, A.M., Mirzaie, A.A. (2016). Fenugreek: potential applications as a functional food and nutraceutical. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 3(1): 5-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korla, B.N., and A. Saini. 2003. Effect of dates of showing and cutting on seed yield of fenugreek. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci. 32:120-122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Król-Kogus, B., Krauze-Baranowska, M. (2012). Fenugreek-source of compounds with hormonal activity? (Kozieradka pospolita-źródło związków o aktywności hormonalnej?). Farm. Pol. 68: 39-41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Król-Kogus, B., Lamine, K.M., Migas, P., Boudjeniba, M., Krauze-Baranowska, M. (2018). HPTLC determination of diosgenin in fenugreek seeds. ACTA Pharmaceutica, 68:97-107.https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2018-0002.

  • Kumar, P., Phor, S.K., Tehlan, S.K., Mathur, A.K. 2018. Effect of seed rate and row spacing on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4): 93-96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Srivastava N, Singh A, Vyas MK, Gupta S, Katudia K, Vaidya K, Chaudhary S, Ghosh A, Chikara SK. 2012. Genetic diversity and identification of variety-specific AFLP markers in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 4323-4329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurubetta, K.D., Mesta, R.K., Kareem, A., Tatagar, M.H., Shivaprasad, M. 2018. effect of spacing and fertilizer dose on seed yield of fenugreek. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, 6(1): 38-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, S., Rana, M.K., Partap, P.S. (2003). Economic returns from various fenugreek genotypes as influenced by date of showing and greens-cutting levels. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 32(1-2):117-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lust, J.B. 1986. The herb book. Bantam Books Inc. New York. Pp. 1-55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahna, S.K., Raisinghani, G., Jain, S.C. 1994. Diosgenin production induced mutants of Trigonella corniculata. Fitoterapia, 65: 515-516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malav, J.K., Patel, J.K., Pavaya, R.P., Patel, B.B., Patel, V.R. (2018). Effect of different organic sources on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under organic farming module. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 17-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, S.K. (2010). Genetic resources and their utilization in seed spices. Souvenir, National Conference on Horticulture Biodiversity, Livelihood, Economic Development and Health Care, University of Horticultural Sciences Campus, Bangalore, May 28-31, 2010, 83-97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, S.K. (2011). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). In book: Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement Edition: First Chapter: 24 Publisher: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamatha, N.C., Tehlan, S.K., Srikanth, M., Batra, V.K. (2017). Mean performance of 150 fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes for yield and yield contributing traits. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci., 5(3):1097-1102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzougui, N., Ferchichi, A., Guasmi, F., Beji, M. (2007). Morphological and chemical diversity among 38 Tunisian cultivars of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 5 (3-4): 245-250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin E, Akan H, Ekici M, Aytac Z (2011). New chromosome numbers in the genus Trigonella L. (Fabaceae) from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology 10:116-125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, K., Bansal, R.K., Gurjar, R.B.S. (2006). Organic management of wilt of fenugreek Linn. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 36(1): 94-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, K.M., Norton, R.M., Eagles, H.A., Kollmorgen. J.F. (2000). Fenugreek studies on a new crop for southeastern Australia. Biennial Report 1998-99. Joint Center for Crop Improvement, Private Bag 260, Horsham, Victoria, 3401, Australia, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meghwal, M., Goswami, T.K., (2012). A review on the functional properties, nutritional content, medicinal utilization and potential application of fenugreek. Journal of Food Processing and Technology, 3(9): 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrafarin, A., Rezazadeh, S., Naghdi Badi, H., Noormohammadi, G., Zand, E., Qaderi, A., 2011. A review on biology, cultivation and biotechnology of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as a valuable medicinal plant and multipurpose. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(37): 6-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Min, O.Y., 2011. Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Short Term Memory and Morphology of Cornu Ammonis in Female Mice. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, J., 2009. The Potential of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) as a Forage for Dairy Herds in Central Alberta. University of Alberta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, J. R., Acharya, S.N., Mir, Z., Doram, R.C. (2003). Weed management in irrigated fenugreek grown for forage in rotation with other annual crops. Can. J. Plant Sci., 83:181-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oltraco, S., and Sabanci. 1996. Genetic resources of Turkey. In Lathyrus genetic resources of Asia, P. K. Arora, P. N. Mathur, and K. W. Riley, 77–87. Adham: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oncina R, Botia JM, Del Rio JA, Ortuno A. 2000. Bioproduction of diosgenin in callus cultures of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Food Chem. 70 (4): 489-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oncina R., Del R.J.A., Gomez P., Ortuno A. (2002). Effect of ethylene on diosgenin accumulation in callus cultures of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Food Chemistry, 76: 475-479. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00309-0.

  • Patahk, A.R., Patel, A.I., Joshi, H.K., Patel, D. A. (2014). Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Trends in Biosciences, 7(4): 234-237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel K, Gadewar M, Tahilyani V, Patel DK. 2013. A review on pharmacological and analytical aspects of dios-metin: a concise report. Chin J Integr Med. 2013;19: 792-800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petropoulos, G.A. 2002. Fenugreek–The genus Trigonella. p. 1-255. Taylor and Francis, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petit, P.R., Sauvaire, Y.D., Hillaire-Buys, D.M., Leconte, O.M., Baissac, Y.G., Ponsin, G.R., Ribes, G.R. (1995). Steroid saponins from fenugreek seeds: extraction, purification, and pharmacological investigation on feeding behavior and plasma cholesterol. Steroids, 60(10):674-680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Premanath, R., Sudisha, J., Lakshmi Devi N., Aradhya, S.M., 2011. Antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) leaves. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5: 695-705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provorov, N. A., Y. D. Soskau, L. A. Lutova, O. A. Sokolova, and S. S. Bairamou. 1996. Investigation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes for fresh weight, seed productivity, symbiotic activity, callus formation and accumulation of steroids. Euphytica, 88 (2): 129-138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, D., Prabhu, K.M., and Murthy, P.S. 2002. Mechanism of action of a hypoglycemic principle isolated from fenugreek seeds. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46(4):457-462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram T.C., Sharma, R.D., Sivakumar, B. (1994). Effect of fenugreek seeds on intravenous glucose disposition in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Phytother. Res. 8: 83-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, P.P., Sarma, Y.R., Anandaraj, M. (2002). Management of foot rot disease of black pepper with Trichoderma spp. Indian Phytopathology, 55(1): 17-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram, D., Verma, J.P. (2000). Effect of level of phosphorus and potash on the performance of seed yield of Pusa early Bunching fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum). Indian J. Agri. Sci., 70(12):866-868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju, J., Gupta, D., Rao, A.R., Yadava, P.K., Baquer, N.Z. (2001). Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., (1-2): 45-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju, J., and Rao C.V. (2012).Diosgenin, a Steroid Saponin Constituent of Yams and Fenugreek: Emerging Evidence for Applications in Medicine. Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine, 1-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghzadeh-Ahari, D., Hassandokht, M. R., Kashi, A. K., Amri, A., Alizadeh, K. H. (2010). Genetic variability of some agronomic traits in the Iranian fenugreek landraces under drought stress and non-stress conditions. African Journal of Plant Science, 4(2): 12-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, A., Fallah, S., Neugschwandtner, R.W., Mehdi, B., Kaul, H.P. (2018). Growth analysis and land equivalent ratio of fenugreek-buckwheat intercrops at different fertilizer types. Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment, 69(2): 105-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, A., Fallah, S., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Kaul, H.P., Surki, A.A., Mehdi, B. (2019). Effect of organic fertilizers on antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of fenugreek seeds in intercropped systems with buckwheat. Agronomy, 9(367): 1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, R.; Cheetham, P. S. J.; Hardman, R. Microbial transformation of crude fenugreek steroids. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1986, 9, 549-555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauvaire, Y.; Baissac, Y.; Leconte, O.; Petit, P.; Ribes, G. Steroid saponins from fenugreek and some of their biological properties. In Saponins Used in Food and Agriculture; Waller, G. R., Yamasaki, K., Eds.; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 405; Plenum Press: New York, 1996; pp 37-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, J.A., Mujtaba, M., Jan, S.A., Jadoon, S.A., Rabbani, M.A., Ghafoor, A., Jahanzaib M., Khurshid, H. (2018). Estimation of spatial genetic structure in interregional populations of Trigonella foenum-graceum L. species through phenotypic variation and seed protein profiling. Genetika, 50(1):171-185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shams, M., Haghighi, B., Niasar, M.A., Esfahan, E.Z. (2014). Effect of copper and nitrogen nutrients on diosgenin production in fenugreek. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(8):1115-1124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamsun Naher, M., Fahim, A.H.F., Wadud, M.A. (2016). Crop Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 14(1): 71-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma V, Singh P, Rani A. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). European Journal of Experimental Biology,7: 1-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R.D., Sarkar, A., Hazra, D.K., Misra, B., Singh, J.B., Sharma, S.K., Maheshwari, B.B., and Maheshwari, P.K. 1996. Use of fenugreek seed powder in the management of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Nutr. Res. 16(8):1331-1339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheoran, R.S., Sharma, H.C., Panuu, P.K., Niwas, R. (2000). Influence of sowing time and phosphorus on phenology, thermal requirement and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes. J. Spice. Arom. Crops., 9(l):43-46

    Google Scholar 

  • Snehlata, H.S., Payal, D.R., 2012. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): an overview. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 2, 169-187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solorio-Sánchez F, Solorio-Sánchez B, Basu SK, Casanova-Lugo F, Sarabia-Salgado L, Ku-Vera J, Aguilar-Pérez C, Ramírez-Avilés L, Noguera-Savelli E, Cetzal-Ix W, InfanteCruz Á, Petit-Aldana J, Ayala-Basulto A. (2014) Opportunities to grow annual forage legume fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under Mexican silvopastoral system. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 86-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowmya, P., Rajyalakshmi, P. (1999). Hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated fenugreek seeds in human subjects. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 4: 359-365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, K. (2006). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): A review of health beneficial physiological effects. Food Reviews International, 22(2): 203-224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram S, Purwar S. 2011. Assessment of genetic diversity among fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), using RAPD molecular markers. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5: 1543-1548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandon, H.L.S. (1986). Sulphur research and agricultural production in India. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanveer M., Shaikh I.A., Irfan M., Noor H., Farooq U. (2019). Effect of wheat straw biochar on the growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in cadmium spiked soil Octa Journal of Environmental Research, 7(3): 130-137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W.G., Elder, J.L., Chang, P.R. and Richards, K.W. (2000). Micro determination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48: 5206-5210. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000467t.

  • Taylor, W.G., Holly, H.Z., Richards, K.R., Acharya, S.N., Bittman, S., Elder, J.L. (2002). Variation in Diosgenin Levels among 10 Accessions of Fenugreek Seeds Produced in Western Canada. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 5994-5997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W.G., Zaman, M.S., Mir, P.S., Acharya, S.N., Mears, G.J., Elder, J.L. (1997). Analysis of steroidal sapogenins from amber fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Combined Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(3): 753-759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiran, D. (2003). The use of fenugreek for breast feeding woman. Comp. Ther. Nurs. Midwifery. 9(3): 155-156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, P.D., Pundarikakshudu, K., Rathnam, S., Shah, K.S. (2007). A validated quantitative thin layer chromatographic method for estimation of diosgenin in various plant samples, extract, and market formulation. Journal of AOAC International, 90: 358-363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunçtürk, R. (2011). The effects of varying row spacing and phosphorus doses on the yield and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2): 142-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya K, Ghosh A, Kumar V, Chaudhary S, Srivastava N, Katudia K, Tiwari T, Chikara SK (2013). De Novo transcriptome sequencing in L. to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of diosgenin. The Plant Genome 6(2):1-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vats, V., Grover, J.K. and Rathi, S.S. 2002. Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum L. and Pterocarpus marsupium L. in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 72:95-100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vats, V., Yadav, S.P. and Grover, J.K. 2003. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. J.Ethanopharmocol. 28(53): 1-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedpathak, M.M., Chavan, B.L. (2016). Fertilizers effects on growth and yield components of fenugreek vegetable (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in a field trial. International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology, 3(7): 180-183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, G.L., and P.D. Kumawat. 2003. Effect of organic inorganic, fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculation of yield and yield attributes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L). Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 32:147-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wani, S.A., Kumar, P. (2018). Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(2): 97-106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wierzbowska, J., Zuk-Gołaszewska, K. (2014). The impact of nitrogen fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield and quality of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Journal of Elementology, 1109-1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zandi, P., Basu, S.K., Khatibani, L.B., Balogun, M.O., Aremu, M.O., Sharma M., Kumar, K., Sengupta R., Li, X., Li, Y., Tashi, S., Hedi, A., Cetzal-Ix, W. (2015). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed: a review of physiological and biochemical properties and their genetic improvement. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37:1714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zandi P, Daneshian J, Shirani Rad AH. 2010. Determination of Ideal nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density in fenugreek under dry farming conditions. In: The regional congress on modern results in agronomy and nanotechnology; 12 October 2010; Quds, Alborz, Iran: Azad University of Quds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zandi, P., Rad, AHS., Bazrkar-Khatibani, L. (2011). Agronomic study of fenugreek grown under different in-row spacing and nitrogen levels in a paddy field of Iran. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 10 (4): 544-550.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Camlica, M., Yaldiz, G. (2021). Employing Modern Technologies in the Cultivation and Production of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). In: Naeem, M., Aftab, T., Khan, M.M.A. (eds) Fenugreek. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1197-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics