Abstract
Innovative advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging facilitate precise exploration and monitoring of macular structures in glaucoma patients. Measurement of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses in the macula provides excellent diagnostic ability for glaucoma comparable to that of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement. The thickness and deviation maps provided by OCT devices broadened our understanding of the patterns and temporal relationships of glaucomatous damage in the macular and peripapillary areas. This technology has enhanced the topographical analysis of structural damage to the macula and corresponding changes in the peripapillary region. The macular parameters can facilitate early detection of glaucomatous damage and discriminate meaningful progression in advanced as well as early stages of glaucoma. This chapter provides information from the basics to the latest updates on macular imaging in the field of glaucoma along with relevant clinical cases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anctil JL, Anderson DR. Early foveal involvement and generalized depression of the visual field in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(3):363–70.
Choi YJ, Jeoung JW, Park KH, Kim DM. Glaucoma detection ability of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in high myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(3):2296–304.
Cirrus HD-OCT User Manual 2660021159751 Rev. A 2015-08. Appendix A. https://www.zeiss.co.uk/content/dam/Meditec/gb/Chris/Refractive-Business-Builder/2018Updates/UserGuides/oct_usermanual.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct 2020.
Ha A, Kim YK, Kim JS, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Temporal raphe sign in elderly patients with large optic disc cupping: its evaluation as a predictive factor for glaucoma conversion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;219:205–14.
Heidelberg Engineering. Spectralis Glaucoma Toolkit. 10-4. https://business-lounge.heidelbergengineering.com/us/en/products/spectralis/glaucoma-module/downloads/#downloads. Accessed 25 Oct 2020.
Heijl A, Lundqvist L. The frequency distribution of earliest glaucomatous visual field defects documented by automatic perimetry. Acta Ophthalmol. 1984;62(4):658–64.
Hood DC. Improving our understanding, and detection, of glaucomatous damage: An approach based upon optical coherence tomography (OCT). Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;57:46–75.
Hood DC, Raza AS, de Moraes CG, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Glaucomatous damage of the macula. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;32:1–21.
Hou HW, Lin C, Leung CK. Integrating macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer and parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements to detect glaucoma progression. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(6):822–31.
Hwang YH, Jeong YC, Kim HK, Sohn YH. Macular ganglion cell analysis for early detection of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(8):1508–15.
Jeong JH, Choi YJ, Park KH, Kim DM, Jeoung JW. Macular ganglion cell imaging study: covariate effects on the spectral domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160448.
Kim KE, Park KH, Yoo BW, Jeoung JW, Kim DM, Kim HC. Topographic localization of macular retinal ganglion cell loss associated with localized peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer defect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014a;55(6):3501–8.
Kim MJ, Jeoung JW, Park KH, Choi YJ, Kim DM. Topographic profiles of retinal nerve fiber layer defects affect the diagnostic performance of macular scans in preperimetric glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014b;55(4):2079–87.
Kim MJ, Park KH, Yoo BW, Jeoung JW, Kim HC, Kim DM. Comparison of macular GCIPL and peripapillary RNFL deviation maps for detection of glaucomatous eye with localized RNFL defect. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015a;93(1):e22–8.
Kim KE, Jeoung JW, Park KH, Kim DM, Kim SH. Diagnostic classification of macular ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis: differentiation of false-positives from glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2015b;122(3):502–10.
Kim YK, Yoo BW, Kim HC, Park KH. Automated detection of hemifield difference across horizontal raphe on ganglion cell—inner plexiform layer thickness map. Ophthalmology. 2015c;122(11):2252–60.
Kim YK, Yoo BW, Jeoung JW, Kim HC, Kim HJ, Park KH. Glaucoma-diagnostic ability of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness difference across temporal raphe in highly myopic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(14):5856–63.
Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Inferior macular damage in glaucoma: its relationship to retinal nerve fiber layer defect in macular vulnerability zone. J Glaucoma. 2017a;26(2):126–32.
Kim YK, Ha A, Na KI, Kim HJ, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Temporal relation between macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer loss and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer loss in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2017b;124(7):1056–64.
Kim YW, Lee J, Kim JS, Park KH. Diagnostic accuracy of wide-field map from swept-source optical coherence tomography for primary open-angle glaucoma in myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;218:182–91.
Lavinsky F, Wu M, Schuman JS, Lucy KA, Liu M, Song Y, et al. Can macula and optic nerve head parameters detect glaucoma progression in eyes with advanced circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer damage? Ophthalmology. 2018;125(12):1907–12.
Lee WJ, Na KI, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Diagnostic ability of wide-field retinal nerve fiber layer maps using swept-source optical coherence tomography for detection of preperimetric and early perimetric glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2017a;26(6):577–85.
Lee WJ, Kim YK, Park KH, Jeoung JW. Evaluation of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thinning in eyes with optic disc hemorrhage: a trend-based progression analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017b;58(14):6449–56.
Lee WJ, Kim YK, Park KH, Jeoung JW. Trend-based analysis of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness changes on optical coherence tomography in glaucoma progression. Ophthalmology. 2017c;124(9):1383–91.
Lee WJ, Kim TJ, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Serial combined wide-field optical coherence tomography maps for detection of early glaucomatous structural progression. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018a;136(10):1121–7.
Lee WJ, Na KI, Ha A, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Combined use of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer event-based progression analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018b;196:65–71.
Lee WJ, Oh S, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Comparison of glaucoma-diagnostic ability between wide-field swept-source OCT retinal nerve fiber layer maps and spectral-domain OCT. Eye. 2018c;32(9):1483–92.
Lee WJ, Baek SU, Kim YK, Park KH, Jeoung JW. Rates of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thinning in normal, open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma eyes: a trend-based analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(2):599–604.
Marshall HN, Andrew NH, Hassall M, Qassim A, Souzeau E, Ridge B, et al. Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer loss precedes peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer loss in glaucoma with lower intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(8):1119–30.
Mwanza JC, Durbin MK, Budenz DL, Sayyad FE, Chang RT, Neelakantan A, et al. Glaucoma diagnostic accuracy of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness: comparison with nerve fiber layer and optic nerve head. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(6):1151–8.
Pierro L, Gagliardi M, Iuliano L, Ambrosi A, Bandello F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness reproducibility using seven different OCT instruments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(9):5912–1920.
Ruiz-Medrano J, Montero JA, Flores-Moreno I, Arias L, GarcÃa-Layana A, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Myopic maculopathy: Current status and proposal for a new classification and grading system (ATN). Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;69:80–115.
Seol BR, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Glaucoma detection ability of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in myopic preperimetric glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(13):8306–13.
Shin JW, Sung KR, Lee GC, Durbin MK, Cheng D. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer change detected by optical coherence tomography indicates progression in advanced glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(10):1466–74.
Shin JW, Sung KR, Song MK. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer and retinal nerve fiber layer changes in glaucoma suspects enable prediction of glaucoma development. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;210:26–34.
Tan O, Chopra V, Lu AT, Schuman JS, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, et al. Detection of macular ganglion cell loss in glaucoma by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(12):2305–14.e1–2.
Tan NYQ, Sng CCA, Jonas JB, Wong TY, Jansonius NM, Ang M. Glaucoma in myopia: diagnostic dilemmas. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(10):1347–55.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Park, K.H., Kim, Y.W. (2021). Macular Imaging. In: Park, K.H., Kim, TW. (eds) OCT Imaging in Glaucoma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1178-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1178-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1177-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1178-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)