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Clinical Molecular Diagnostics pp 641–664Cite as

Blood Disorders

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Abstract

The blood is a type of body fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen and excludes metabolic waste products. In vertebrates including humans, blood is composed of blood cells suspended in plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and blood cells themselves. The blood cells which are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow are composed of red blood cells (RBCs/erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs/leukocytes), and platelets. RBCs are the most abundant cells among them which contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, to facilitate oxygen transport. Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. WBCs have nuclei, which distinguishes them from RBCs and platelets. WBCs can be divided into neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes according to their physical and functional characteristics. Platelets are derived from the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow, and then enter the circulation. Circulating inactivated platelets are biconvex discoid structures, whereas activated platelets have cell membrane projections covering their surfaces. Platelets are only found in mammal.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Zhuang Zuo & Cheng Cameron Yin

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine,, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Lixia Zhang, Lin Wang & Zhen Ren

Authors
  1. Zhuang Zuo
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  2. Cheng Cameron Yin
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  3. Lixia Zhang
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  4. Lin Wang
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  5. Zhen Ren
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhuang Zuo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    Shiyang Pan

  2. Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    Jinhai Tang

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Zuo, Z., Yin, C.C., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Ren, Z. (2021). Blood Disorders. In: Pan, S., Tang, J. (eds) Clinical Molecular Diagnostics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1037-0_39

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1037-0_39

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1036-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1037-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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