Abstract
Fresh, potable water is one of the key elements for the survival of living beings, and with an increasing population, there is water shortage all over the globe. Hence, this situation demands an effective water treatment technology, and one such water treatment method is membrane-based forward osmosis (FO) technology. Wastewater, seawater, and brackish water have great potential to fulfill the water demands, and the FO membrane technology holds the potential to sustainably treat these sources to produce water of good quality. The FO is based on the principle of osmotic pressure difference across the membrane, which provides the gradient for the movement of water molecules from feed solution to draw solution. The advantages offered by the FO-based treatment method are lower fouling propensity and lesser concentration polarization, and, most importantly, it is an energy-efficient process. However, for the enhancement of the treatment process, the FO is used in conjugation with other separation processes, referred to as the FO hybrid system. In this chapter, FO principle, factors affecting the process, membrane fouling, and hybrid FO treatment technology and its application have been discussed.
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Jashrapuria, K., Singh, S.P. (2021). Forward Osmosis in Desalination and Wastewater Treatment. In: Singh, S.P., Rathinam, K., Gupta, T., Agarwal, A.K. (eds) Pollution Control Technologies. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0858-2_8
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