Abstract
Cell fate commitment is achieved by cell type-specific transcription, which in turn is guided by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic and chromatin modifications play important roles in embryonic development, allowing cells to differentiate into particular lineages. Chromatin remodeling correlates well with gene expression, thus contributes to cell fate commitment. Chromatin remodeling enzymes exist as large complexes and possess one or more types of remodeling activities. These enzymes are divided into two categories. The first one consists of enzymes that posttranslationally modify amino termini of histone proteins, by adding or removing methyl, acetyl, sumo, phosphate, or ubiquitin moieties. The other category uses ATP hydrolysis to disrupt interactions between DNA and histone proteins, leading to changes in nucleosome positioning and higher-order chromatin structure. These enzymes increase DNA accessibility, thus allowing gene regulators or transcription factors to bind in order to modulate gene expression. Cardiac tissue development and differentiation is a complex process that relies on extensive networks of interacting transcription factors. The chromatin remodeling enzymes are closely associated with these networks, thus providing an added layer of complexity and refinement to the regulation of heart development. Brahma related gene-1 (BRG-1) and BRG-1 related factors (BAF-60c, BAF-180, and BAF250a) are some of the chromatin remodeling enzymes that have been implicated in the process of chromatin remodeling and involved in cardiac differentiation. The role of these complexes and other factors in the cardiac differentiation of stem cells will be discussed in this chapter.
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Abbreviations
- ACF:
-
ATP-dependent chromatin assembly factor
- ADAMTS1:
-
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1
- ANP:
-
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- ARID:
-
AT-rich interaction domain
- BAF:
-
Brahma-associated factor/BRG-1 related factor
- BMP:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein
- BNP:
-
Brain natriuretic peptide
- BRD-7:
-
Bromodomain 7
- BRG-1:
-
Brahma related gene-1
- BRK:
-
Brahma and Kismet
- BRM:
-
Brahma
- C/EBP β:
-
CCAAT-enhancer binding protein β
- CDKN1C:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
- CERF:
-
CECR2-containing remodeling factor
- CHD:
-
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding
- CHRAC:
-
Chromatin remodeling and assembly complex
- CPB-300:
-
CREB-binding protein
- DNMT1:
-
DNA methyltransferase 1
- DOT1L:
-
Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like
- EHMT:
-
Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase
- ESCs:
-
Embryonic stem cells
- EZH2:
-
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- FGFR-3:
-
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3
- GATA-4:
-
GATA binding protein-4
- GLP:
-
G9a-like protein
- GNAT:
-
Gcn-5 related N-acetyltransferase
- HAND2:
-
Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2
- HAT:
-
Histone acetyltransferases
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HDM:
-
Histone demethylase
- HKMT:
-
Histone lysine methyltransferase
- HMT:
-
Histone methyltransferases
- HP-1:
-
Heterochromatin protein 1
- ING:
-
Inhibitor of growth
- INO-80:
-
Inositol requiring
- ISL-1:
-
Insulin gene enhancer binding protein 1
- ISWI:
-
Imitation switch
- JARID:
-
Jumonji domain ARID-containing protein
- Jmj:
-
Jumonji
- KDM-1:
-
Lysine demethylase 1
- LSD:
-
Lysine-specific demethylase
- MBT:
-
Malignant brain tumor
- MEF2c:
-
Myocyte enhancer factor 2c
- MHC:
-
Myosin heavy chain
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal stem cells
- MYH6:
-
Myosin heavy chain 6
- MYST:
-
MOZ, Ybf2, Sas2, and Tip60
- Nkx2.5:
-
Nk2 homoebox5
- NoRC:
-
Nucleolar remodeling complex
- NuRD:
-
Nucelosome remodeling and deacetylase
- NuRF:
-
Nucelosome remodeling factor
- Oct4:
-
Octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PBAF:
-
Polybromide-associated BAF
- PHD:
-
Plant homeodomain
- PPAR-γ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-γ
- PRC2:
-
Polycomb repressive complex 2
- PRMT:
-
Protein arginine methyltransferase
- PWWP:
-
Conserved proline and tryptophan
- RSF:
-
Human remodeling and spacing factor
- RUNX-2:
-
Runt-related transcription factor-2
- SANT:
-
Switching-defective protein 3 (Swi3), adaptor 2 (Ada2), nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR), and transcription factor (TF)IIIB
- SIRT:
-
Sirtuin
- SMAD-1:
-
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1
- SNF:
-
Sucrose nonfermenting protein
- SNF2H:
-
Sucrose nonfermenting protein 2 homolog
- Sox-9:
-
SRY-box transcription factor 2
- SP:
-
Specificity protein
- SRCAP:
-
Snf2-related CREBBP activator protein
- SUV39H1:
-
Suppression of variegation 3–9 homolog 1
- SWI/SNF:
-
Switch/Sucrose nonfermenting
- Tbx:
-
T-box protein
- TIP60:
-
Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa
- UTX:
-
Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome
- WHSC1:
-
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1
- WICH:
-
WSTF-ISWI chromatin remodeling complex
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Ullah, M., Iqbal, H., Haneef, K., Khan, I., Salim, A. (2021). Chromatin Remodeling and Cardiac Differentiation of Stem Cells. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Stem cells: From Potential to Promise. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0301-3_9
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