Skip to main content

Instrumentation for Cluster Science

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Metal Clusters and Their Reactivity

Abstract

There are several critical concerns regarding different strategies for producing gaseous metal atoms/clusters and studying their gas-phase reactivity. In this chapter we endeavour to summarize all the experimental methods used for cluster preparation and cluster reaction studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. K. Hilpert, Chemistry of Inorganic Vapors (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Haberland, Clusters of Atoms and Molecules: Theory, Experiment, and Clusters of Atoms (Springer, 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  3. N. Satoh, K. Kimura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 4688–4692 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R.A. Larsen, S.K. Neoh, D.R. Herschbach, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1511–1516 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. D.R. Preuss, S.A. Pace, J.L. Gole, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 3553–3560 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. K. Sattler, J. Muhlbach, E. Recknagel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 821–824 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S.J. Riley, E.K. Parks, C.R. Mao, L.G. Pobo, S. Wexler, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 3911–3913 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. W.D. Knight, K. Clemenger, W.A. Deheer, W.A. Saunders, M.Y. Chou, M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2141–2143 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. K.M. McHugh, H.W. Sarkas, J.G. Eaton, C.R. Westgate, K.H. Bowen, Z. Phys. D At. Mol. Clusters 12, 3–6 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  10. T.P. Martin, T. Bergmann, H. Gohlich, T. Lange, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6421–6429 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. I.M. Goldby, B. vonIssendorff, L. Kuipers, R.E. Palmer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 3327–3334 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  12. B. Meyer, Low Temperature Spectroscopy (Elsevier, New York, 1971)

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. Dunkin, Matrix Isolation Techniques (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  14. K.-L. Han, R.-C. Lu, H. Lin, E.B. Gallogy, W.M. Jackson, Chem. Phys. Lett. 243, 29–35 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M.A. Duncan, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 041101 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J.A. Draves, Z. Lutheyschulten, W.L. Liu, J.M. Lisy, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 4589–4602 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Dole, L.L. Mack, R.L. Hines, R.C. Mobley, L.D. Ferguson, M.B. Alice, J. Chem. Phys. 49, 2240 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Yamashita, J.B. Fenn, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4451–4459 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. C. Whitehouse, R. Dreyer, M. Yamashita, J.B. Fenn, Anal. Chem. 57, 675 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R.G. Cooks, A.L. Rockwood, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 5, 93 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. P. Kebarle, M. Peschke, Anal. Chim. Acta 406, 11 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. G. Wang, R.B. Cole, Anal. Chim. Acta 406, 53 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A.T. Blades, P. Jayaweera, M.G. Ikonomou, P. Kebarle, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 102, 251–267 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M.F. Bush, R.J. Saykally, E.R. Williams, ChemPhysChem 8, 2245–2253 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.T. O’Brien, E.R. Williams, J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 5893–5901 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. T.E. Cooper, D.R. Carl, P.B. Armentrout, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 13727–13741 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. P. Kebarle, U.H. Verkerk, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 28, 898–917 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. R.D. Smith, J.A. Loo, C.G. Edmonds, C.J. Barinaga, H.R. Udseth, Anal. Chem. 62, 882–899 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J.V. Iribarne, B.A. Thomson, J. Chem. Phys. 64, 2287 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. B.A. Thomson, J.V. Iribarne, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 4451 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. F.W. Röllgen, E. Bramer-Wegner, L. Buttering, J. Phys. Colloq. 45, C9 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  32. G. Schmelzeisen-Redeker, L. Buttering, F.W. Röllgen, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 90, 139 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. Obrien, R.F. Curl, R.E. Smalley, Nature 318, 162–163 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. T.G. Dietz, M.A. Duncan, D.E. Powers, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6511–6512 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D.E. Powers, S.G. Hansen, M.E. Geusic, A.C. Puiu, J.B. Hopkins, T.G. Dietz, M.A. Duncan, P.R.R. Langridgesmith, R.E. Smalley, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 2556–2560 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W.C. Wiley, I.H. McLaren, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 1150–1157 (1955)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J.F. Friichte, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 51–56 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  38. R.A. Bingham, P.L. Salter, Anal. Chem. 48, 1735–1740 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. N.G. Utterback, S.P. Tang, J.F. Friichtenicht, Phys. Fluids 19, 900–905 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. D.K. Anderson, D.W. Jones, J.D. McCullen, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1381–1385 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. B.G. Wicke, N.G. Utterback, S.P. Tang, J.F. Friichtenicht, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 151–153 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. V.E. Bondybey, J.H. English, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6978–6979 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D.E. Powers, S.G. Hansen, M.E. Geusic, D.L. Michalopoulos, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 2866–2881 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S.C. Richtsmeier, E.K. Parks, K. Liu, L.G. Pobo, S.J. Riley, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 3659–3665 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. L.S. Zheng, P.J. Brucat, C.L. Pettiette, S. Yang, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 4273–4274 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. P.J. Brucat, L.S. Zheng, C.L. Pettiette, S. Yang, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3078–3088 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S.K. Loh, D.A. Hales, P.B. Armentrout, Chem. Phys. Lett. 129, 527–532 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M.F. Jarrold, J.E. Bower, J.S. Kraus, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3876–3885 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M.B. Knickelbein, S. Yang, S.J. Riley, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 94–104 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Maruyama, L.R. Anderson, R.E. Smalley, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 3686–3693 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. P. Milani, W.A. Deheer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 1835–1838 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W.A. De Heer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 611–676 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. R.T. Laaksonen, D.A. Goetsch, D.W. Owens, D.M. Poirier, F. Stepniak, J.H. Weaver, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 2267–2275 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Fielicke, A. Kirilyuk, C. Ratsch, J. Behler, M. Scheffler, G. von Helden, G. Meijer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 023401 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J.M. Weber, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 043301 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Sun, D.T. Halfen, J. Min, B. Harris, D.J. Clouthier, L.M. Ziurys, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 174301 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. G. Scoles, Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods (Oxford University Press, New York, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  58. D.H. Russell, Gas Phase Inorganic Chemistry (Plenum, New York, 1989)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  59. C.-Y. Ng, T. Baer, I. Powis, Cluster Ions (Wiley, Chichester, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  60. M.A. Duncan, Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  61. H. Pauly, Atom, Molecule and Cluster Beams (Springer, Berlin, 2000)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. R.L. Johnston, Atomic and Molecular Clusters (Taylor & Francis, London, 2002)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. M.D. Morse, Chem. Rev. 86, 1049–1109 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. M.M. Kappes, Chem. Rev. 88, 369–389 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. D.C. Parent, S.L. Anderson, Chem. Rev. 92, 1541–1565 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. U. Heiz, F. Vanolli, L. Trento, W.D. Schneider, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 1986–1994 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. W.A. Deheer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 1835–1838 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. R.L. Stegman, J. Schriemp, L.R. Hettche, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3675–3681 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. K. Laihing, R.G. Wheeler, W.L. Wilson, M.A. Duncan, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 3401–3409 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. M.E. Geusic, R.R. Freeman, M.A. Duncan, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 223–229 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. L.A. Bloomfield, M.E. Geusic, R.R. Freeman, W.L. Brown, Chem. Phys. Lett. 121, 33–37 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J.R. Heath, Y. Liu, S.C. Obrien, Q.L. Zhang, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 5520–5526 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. S.C. Obrien, Y. Liu, Q. Zhang, J.R. Heath, F.K. Tittel, R.F. Curl, R.E. Smalley, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4074–4079 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. E.A. Rohlfing, D.M. Cox, A. Kaldor, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 3322–3330 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. M.E. Geusic, M.F. Jarrold, T.J. McIllrath, R.R. Freeman, W.L. Brown, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3862–3869 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. J.R. Heath, Q. Zhang, S.C. Obrien, R.F. Curl, H.W. Kroto, R.E. Smalley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 359–363 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. P.J. Roach, W.H. Woodward, A.C. Reber, S.N. Khanna, A.W. Castleman Jr., Phys. Rev. B 81, 195404 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.J. Melko, S.V. Ong, U. Gupta, J.U. Reveles, J. D’Emidio, S.N. Khanna, A.W. Castleman Jr., Chem. Phys. Lett. 500, 196–201 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. E.A. Rohlfing, D.M. Cox, R. Petkovicluton, A. Kaldor, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 6227–6231 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. R.G. Wheeler, K. Laihing, W.L. Wilson, J.D. Allen, R.B. King, M.A. Duncan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 8101–8102 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. R.G. Wheeler, K. Laihing, W.L. Wilson, M.A. Duncan, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 2831–2839 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. K. Laihing, P.Y. Cheng, M.A. Duncan, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6521–6525 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. S. Nonose, Y. Sone, K. Onodera, S. Sudo, K. Kaya, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 2744–2746 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. C.S. Yeh, D.L. Robbins, J.S. Pilgrim, M.A. Duncan, Chem. Phys. Lett. 206, 509–514 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. D. Bellert, T. Buthelezi, T. Hayes, P.J. Brucat, Chem. Phys. Lett. 277, 27–32 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. L.R. Brock, A.M. Knight, J.E. Reddic, J.S. Pilgrim, M.A. Duncan, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6268–6278 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. B.C. Guo, K.P. Kerns, A.W. Castleman Jr., Science 255, 1411–1413 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. B.C. Guo, S. Wei, J. Purnell, S. Buzza, A.W. Castleman Jr., Science 256, 515–516 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. S. Wei, B.C. Guo, J. Purnell, S. Buzza, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4166–4168 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. S. Wei, B.C. Guo, J. Purnell, S. Buzza, A.W. Castleman Jr., Science 256, 818–820 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. B.C. Guo, K.P. Kerns, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 7415–7418 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Wei, B.C. Guo, J. Purnell, S.A. Buzza, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. 97, 9559–9561 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. H.T. Deng, B.C. Guo, K.P. Kerns, A.W. Castleman Jr., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 138, 275–281 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. J. Purnell, S. Wei, A.W. Castleman Jr., Chem. Phys. Lett. 229, 105–110 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. K.P. Kerns, B.C. Guo, H.T. Deng, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 4026–4029 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. H.T. Deng, K.P. Kerns, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 446–450 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. H. Sakurai, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 7695–7698 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. H. Sakurai, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 1462–1466 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. H. Sakurai, S.E. Kooi, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Cluster Sci. 10, 493–507 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. J.F. Ready, In Industrial Applications of Lasers (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  101. D.G. Leopold, K.K. Murray, A.E.S. Miller, W.C. Lineberger, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 4849–4865 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. D.G. Leopold, J. Ho, W.C. Lineberger, J. Chem. Phys. 86, 1715–1726 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. J. Ho, K.M. Ervin, W.C. Lineberger, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 6987–7002 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. D.M. Mattox, The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology (Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, 2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  105. H. Haberland, M. Mall, M. Moseler, Y. Qiang, T. Reiners, Y.J. Thurner, Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vac. Surf. Films 12, 2925–2930 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. S. Pratontep, S.J. Carroll, C. Xirouchaki, M. Streun, R.E. Palmer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 045103 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Z. Luo, W.H. Woodward, J.C. Smith, A.W. Castleman Jr., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 309, 176–181 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. J.S. Chapin, Research/Development 25, 37–40 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Z. Luo, G.U. Gamboa, J.C. Smith, A.C. Reber, J.U. Reveles, S.N. Khanna, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 18973–18978 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Z.X. Luo, J.C. Smith, W.H. Woodward, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 2012–2017 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. M. Guo, B. Yin, B. Huang, H. Wu, Z. Luo, J. Mater. Chem. C (2020). https://doi.org10.1039/D1030TC02296A

    Google Scholar 

  112. R. Morel, A. Brenac, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, C. Portemont, F. La Rizza, Eur. Phys. J. D 24, 287–290 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. P.D. Davidse, L.I. Maissel, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 574–579 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Z. Shi, J.V. Ford, S. Wei, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8009–8015 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. J.M. Soler, N. García, O. Echt, K. Sattler, E. Recknagel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1857–1860 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. P. Milani, W.A. Deheer, Phys. Rev. B 44, 8346–8348 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. E.A. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6103–6112 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. D.R. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th edn. (CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  119. R.B. Huang, Q. Zhang, H. Chen, L.S. Zheng, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 253–256 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. W.H.H. Woodward, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  121. J.H. Moore, C.C. Davis, M.A. Coplan, S.C. Greer, Building Scientific Apparatus (Cambridge University Press, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  122. L. Capron, W.Y. Feng, C. Lifshitz, B.L. Tjelta, P.B. Armentrout, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 16571–16576 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. A.A. Viggiano, S.T. Arnold, R.A. Morris, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 17, 147–184 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. D. Caraiman, D.K. Bohme, J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 9705–9717 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. F. Dhooghe, C. Amelynck, J. Rimetz-Planchon, N. Schoon, F. Vanhaecke, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 290, 106–112 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. R.D. Adams, B. Captain, Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 409–418 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. M. Hidai, S. Kuwata, Y. Mizobe, Acc. Chem. Res. 33, 46–52 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. C.P.G. Butcher, A. Dinca, P.J. Dyson, B.F.G. Johnson, P.R.R. Langridge-Smith, J.S. McIndoe, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 5752–5755 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. N. Dietl, R.F. Höckendorf, M. Schlangen, M. Lerch, M.K. Beyer, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 1430–1434 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. S. Kabashima, S. Kuwata, K. Ueno, M. Shiro, M. Hidai, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39, 1128–1131 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. B.-Z. Zhan, E. Iglesia, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 3697–3700 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. C. Zimmermann, M. Melullis, S. Dehnen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 4269–4272 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. J.F. Garvey, W.J. Herron, G. Vaidyanathan, Chem. Rev. 94, 1999–2014 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. M.M. Rohmer, M. Benard, J.M. Poblet, Chem. Rev. 100, 495–542 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. J. Mwakapumba, K.N. Ervin, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 161, 161–174 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. J.I. Lee, D.C. Sperry, J.M. Farrar, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8375–8384 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. V.D. Reddy, J. Organomet. Chem. 691, 27–34 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. H. Wadepohl, H. Pritzkow, J. Organomet. Chem. 450, 9–19 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. M. Andersson, J.L. Persson, A. Rosen, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 12222–12234 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. R.D. Adams, B. Captain, M.B. Hall, J.L. Smith, C.E. Webster, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 1007–1014 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. A.M. Argo, J.F. Goellner, B.L. Phillips, G.A. Panjabi, B.C. Gates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 2275–2283 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. S. Ghosh, S.I. Gorelsky, S.D. George, J.M. Chan, I. Cabrito, D.M. Dooley, J.J.G. Moura, I. Moura, E.I. Solomon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 3955–3965 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. G. Zhen, L. Peng, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1837–1839 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. W. Uhl, Rev. Inorg. Chem. 18, 239–282 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. L.A. Posey, M.J. DeLuca, P.J. Campagnola, M.A. Johnson, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 1178–1181 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Z.A.H., J. Phys. Chem. 97, 12427 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  147. A.W. Castleman Jr., S. Wei, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 45, 685–719 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. D. Sulzle, K. Seemayer, B. Witulski, H. Hopf, H. Schwarz, Chem. Ber. 124, 1481–1483 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. N. Dietl, M. Schlangen, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 5544–5555 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. P.J. Roach, W.H. Woodward, A.W. Castleman Jr., A.C. Reber, S.N. Khanna, Science 323, 492–495 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. A.W. Castleman Jr., S.N. Khanna, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 2664–2675 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. D. Smith, P. Španěl, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 24, 661–700 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. J. De Haeck, N. Veldeman, P. Claes, E. Janssens, M. Andersson, P. Lievens, J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 2103–2109 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. E. Janssens, H.T. Le, P. Lievens, Chem. Eur. J. 21, 15256–15262 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. H.T. Le, S.M. Lang, J. De Haeck, P. Lievens, E. Janssens, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 9350–9358 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. N. Veldeman, P. Lievens, M. Andersson, J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 11793–11801 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. X. Li, A. Grubisic, S. Eustis, D. Wang, T. Lectka, G.F. Ganteför, K.H. Bowen, R. Burgert, H. Schnöckel, Chem. Phys. Lett. 481, 190–193 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. C. Kerpal, D.J. Harding, D.M. Rayner, A. Fielicke, J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 8230–8237 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. R.A.J. O’Hair, Chem. Commun. 1469–1481 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  160. Q.Z. Hu, R.J. Noll, H.Y. Li, A. Makarov, M. Hardman, R.G. Cooks, J. Mass Spectrom. 40, 430–443 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. N.G. Adams, D. Smith, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 21, 349–359 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. H.-F. Li, Z.-Y. Li, Q.-Y. Liu, X.-N. Li, Y.-X. Zhao, S.-G. He, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 2287–2291 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. T.M. Bernhardt, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 243, 1–29 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. W.D. Price, P.D. Schnier, R.A. Jockusch, E.F. Strittmatter, E.R. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 10640–10644 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. R. Keller, F. Nöhmayer, P. Spädtke, M.H. Schönenberg, Vacuum 34, 31–35 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. X.-L. Ding, X.-N. Wu, Y.-X. Zhao, S.-G. He, Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 382–390 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. J. Oomens, B.G. Sartakov, G. Meijer, G. Von Helden, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 1–19 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. O. Hernandez, S. Isenberg, V. Steinmetz, G.L. Glish, P. Maitre, J. Phys. Chem. A 119, 6057–6064 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. I. Savic, D. Gerlich, O. Asvany, P. Jusko, S. Schlemmer, Mol. Phys. 113, 2320–2332 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. S. Daly, M. Krstic, A. Giuliani, R. Antoine, L. Nahon, A. Zavras, G.N. Khairallah, V. Bonacic-Koutecky, P. Dugourd, R.A.J. O’Hair, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 25772–25777 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. S.M. Lang, A. Frank, T.M. Bernhardt, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 9791–9800 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. E.E. Ferguson, F.C. Fehsenfeld, A.L. Schmel-tekopf, Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 5, 1–56 (1969)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. D. Smith, N.G. Adams, in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, ed. by M.T. Bowers (Academic Press, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  174. S.T. Graul, R.R. Squires, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 7, 263–358 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. D.L. Albritton, At. Data Nucl. Tables 22, 1–99 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Y. Ikezoe, S. Matsuoka, M. Takebe, A. Viggiano, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  177. M. Yang, H. Wu, B. Huang, Z. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 6921–6926 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, E.N. Lightfoot (Wiley, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  179. H. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Jia, L. Geng, Z. Luo, H. Fu, J. Yao, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90(7), 073101 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. A.G. Marshall, C.L. Hendrickson, G.S. Jackson, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 17, 1–35 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. D.J. Douglas, A.J. Frank, D.M. Mao, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 24, 1–29 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. K.M. Ervin, P.B. Armentrout, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 166–189 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. P.H. Dawson, Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications. American Institute of Physics (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  184. S.H. Guan, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 7959–7964 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. S.H. Guan, H.S. Kim, A.G. Marshall, M.C. Wahl, T.D. Wood, X.Z. Xiang, Chem. Rev. 94, 2161–2182 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. O.P. Balaj, C.B. Berg, S.J. Reitmeier, V.E. Bondybey, M.K. Beyer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 279, 5–9 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. S. Yang, S.M. Brereton, M.D. Wheeler, A.M. Ellis, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 7, 4082–4088 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. L. Hanley, R. Zimmermann, Anal. Chem. 81, 4174–4182 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. T.J. Kauppila, J.A. Syage, T. Benter, Mass Spectrom. Rev. (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  190. J.A. Zimmerman, R.M. O’Malley, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 99, 169–190 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. D. Schröder, J. Loos, R. Thissen, O. Dutuit, P. Mourgues, H.E. Audier, C. Lifshitz, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 2748–2751 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. A. Hamachi, T. Okuno, T. Imasaka, Y. Kida, T. Imasaka, Anal. Chem. 87, 3027–3031 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. P. Liu, Y. Hu, G. Zhu, Q. Yang, Y. Tao, Anal. Methods 7, 6890–6895 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. J.Y. Salpin, D. Scuderi, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 29, 1898–1904 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. M.S.B. Munson, F.H. Field, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 2621–2630 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. W.J. Richter, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17, 424–439 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. J.B. Fenn, M. Mann, C.K. Meng, S.F. Wong, C.M. Whitehouse, Science 246, 64–71 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. M.A. Claydon, S.N. Davey, V. Edwards-Jones, D.B. Gordon, Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 1584–1586 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. C. Chen, Z. Lin, Z. Wang, Appl. Phys. B 80, 1–25 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Z. Zhu, J. Wang, K. Qiu, C. Liu, F. Qi, Y. Pan, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 046110 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. L. Hua, Q. Wu, K. Hou, H. Cui, P. Chen, W. Wang, J. Li, H. Li, Anal. Chem. 83, 5309–5316 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. F. Mühlberger, J. Wieser, A. Morozov, A. Ulrich, R. Zimmermann, Anal. Chem. 77, 2218–2226 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Y. Li, F. Qi, Acc. Chem. Res. 43, 68–78 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. H. Guo, L. Zhang, L. Deng, L. Jia, Y. Pan, F. Qi, J. Phys. Chem. A 114, 3411–3417 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. G. Liu, G. Wang, Y. Zhu, H. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Zhou, W. Zhang, H. Liu, L. Zhao, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023105 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. H. Wu, M. Guo, M. Yang, Z. Luo, K. Hansen, Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 55, 4015–4018 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. H. Wu, C. Yuan, H. Zhang, G. Yang, C. Cui, M. Yang, W. Bian, H. Fu, Z. Luo, J. Yao, Anal. Chem. 90, 10635–10640 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. H. Zhang, A.C. Reber, L. Geng, D. Rabayda, H. Wu, Z. Luo, J. Yao, S.N. Khanna, CCS Chemistry 1, 571–581 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. D. Normile, Science 355, 235 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. A. Wolf, in Eighth International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications, vol. 1545, ed. by J.D. Gillaspy, W.L. Wiese, Y.A. Podpaly (2013), pp. 110–114

    Google Scholar 

  211. A. Wolf, R. von Hahn, A. Grieser, D.A. Orlov, H. Fadil, C.P. Welsch, V. Andrianarijaona, A. Diehl, C.D. Schroter, J.R.C. Lopez-Urrutia, M. Rappaport, X. Urbain, T. Weber, V. Mallinger, C. Haberstroh, H. Quack, D. Schwalm, J. Ullrich, D. Zajfman, in Beam Cooling and Related Topics, vol. 821, ed. by S. Nagaitsev, R.J. Pasquinelli (2006), p. 473

    Google Scholar 

  212. S. Menk, P. Bertier, Y. Enomoto, T. Masunaga, T. Majima, Y. Nakano, T. Azuma, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  213. Y. Nakano, Y. Enomoto, T. Masunaga, S. Menk, P. Bertier, T. Azuma, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  214. G.E. Johnson, T. Priest, J. Laskin, ACS Nano 6, 573–582 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. G.E. Johnson, C. Wang, T. Priest, J. Laskin, Anal. Chem. 83, 8069–8072 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. G.E. Johnson, Q. Hu, J. Laskin, in Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., vol. 4, ed. by R.G. Cooks, E.S. Yeung (2011), pp. 83–104

    Google Scholar 

  217. K. Judai, K. Sera, S. Amatsutsumi, K. Yagi, T. Yasuike, S. Yabushita, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya, Chem. Phys. Lett. 334, 277–284 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. T. Matsumoto, S. Nagaoka, K. Ikemoto, M. Mitsui, M. Ara, H. Tada, A. Nakajima, Eur. Phys. J. D 52, 99–102 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. M. Mitsui, S. Nagaoka, T. Matsumoto, A. Nakajima, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 2968–2971 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. S. Nagaoka, T. Matsumoto, E. Okada, M. Mitsui, A. Nakajima, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 16008–16017 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. K.A. Wepasnick, X. Li, T. Mangler, S. Noessner, C. Wolke, M. Grossmann, G. Gantefoer, D.H. Fairbrother, K.H. Bowen, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 12299–12307 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. S.C. Nanita, Z. Takats, R.G. Cooks, S. Myung, D.E. Clemmer, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 15, 1360–1365 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. J.T. Lau, W. Wurth, H.U. Ehrke, A. Achleitner, Low Temp Phys 29, 223–227 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. W. Harbich, Philos. Mag. B Phys. Condensed Matter Stat. Mech. Electron. Opt. Magn. Prop. 79, 1307–1320 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. R. Alayan, L. Arnaud, M. Broyer, E. Cottancin, J. Lerme, S. Marhaba, J.L. Vialle, M. Pellarin, Phys. Rev. B 76, 075424 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. C. Brechignac, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, M. de Frutos, A. Masson, C. Mory, C. Colliex, B. Yoon, Phys. Rev. B 57, R2084–R2087 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. S. Fedrigo, W. Harbich, J. Buttet, Phys. Rev. B 58, 7428–7433 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. M. Moseler, H. Hakkinen, U. Landman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 176103 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. S.J. Davila, D.O. Birdwell, G.F. Verbeck, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 034104 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. G. Li, J. Cyriac, L. Gao, R.G. Cooks, Surf. Interface Anal. 43, 498–501 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. K. Bromann, H. Brune, C. Felix, W. Harbich, R. Monot, J. Buttet, K. Kern, Surf. Sci. 377, 1051–1055 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  232. B. Yoon, V.M. Akulin, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, M. de Frutos, A. Masson, C. Mory, C. Colliex, C. Brechignac, Surf. Sci. 443, 76–88 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. V.N. Popok, I. Barke, E.E.B. Campbell, K.-H. Meiwes-Broer, Surf. Sci. Rep. 66, 347–377 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. K. Ohtomi, Thin Solid Films 464, 150–154 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. C. Brechignac, P. Cahuzac, F. Carlier, M. deFrutos, A. Masson, C. Colliex, C. Mory, B. Yoon, Z. Phys. D At. Mol. Clusters 40, 516–519 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  236. J.N. Louris, R.G. Cooks, J.E.P. Syka, P.E. Kelley, G.C. Stafford, J.F.J. Todd, Anal. Chem. 59, 1677–1685 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. N. Cruz Hernández, J.F. Sanz, Appl. Surf. Sci. 238, 228–232 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  238. H. Esrom, Appl. Surf. Sci. 168, 1–4 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. S. Shironita, M. Goto, T. Kamegawa, K. Mori, H. Yamashita, Catal. Today 153, 189–192 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Z. Luo, J.C. Smith, W.H. Woodward, A.W. Castleman Jr., Presented in part at the Gordon Research Conferences: Clusters, Nanocrystals & Nanostructures (Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, July 24–29, 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  241. L. Gao, M.E. Lyn, D.E. Bergeron, A.W. Castleman, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 229, 11–17 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. P. Kemper, A. Kolmakov, X. Tong, Y. Lilach, L. Benz, M. Manard, H. Metiu, S.K. Buratto, M.T. Bowers, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 202–209 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. A. Sandoval, A. Aguilar, C. Louis, A. Traverse, R. Zanella, J. Catal. 281, 40–49 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. P. Miquel, P. Granger, N. Jagtap, S. Umbarkar, M. Dongare, C. Dujardin, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 322, 90–97 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. J.M. Horn, Z. Song, D.V. Potapenko, J. Hrbek, M.G. White, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 44–47 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. W.H. Woodward, M.M. Blake, Z. Luo, P.S. Weiss, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 5373–5377 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. H.-F. Ji, R. Majithia, X. Yang, X. Xu, K. More, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10056–10057 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. E.J. Lee, M.G. Ko, B.Y. Kim, S.K. Park, H.D. Kim, J.W. Park, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 1243–1246 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. M.A. Rottgen, K. Judai, J.-M. Antonietti, U. Heiz, S. Rauschenbach, K. Kern, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 013302–013306 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. A. Schaefer, A. Sandell, L.E. Walle, V. Zielasek, M. Schowalter, A. Rosenauer, M. Baumer, Surf. Sci. 604, 1287–1293 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. M. Han, Z.Y. Wang, P.P. Chen, S.W. Yu, G.H. Wang, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 135, 564–569 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. L. Liu, A. Corma, Chem. Rev. 118, 4981–5079 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Y. Dai, T.J. Gorey, S.L. Anderson, S. Lee, S. Lee, S. Seifert, R.E. Winans, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 361–374 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. A. von Weber, S.L. Anderson, Acc. Chem. Res. 49, 2632–2639 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. J. Timoshenko, A. Halder, B. Yang, S. Seifert, M.J. Pellin, S. Vajda, A.I. Frenkel, J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 21686–21693 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. F.R. Negreiros, A. Halder, C.R. Yin, A. Singh, G. Barcaro, L. Sementa, E.C. Tyo, M.J. Pellin, S. Bartling, K.H. Meiwes-Broer, S. Seifert, P. Sen, S. Nigam, C. Majumder, N. Fukui, H. Yasumatsu, S. Vajda, A. Fortunelli, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 1209–1213 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. C.L. Bentley, M. Kang, P.R. Unwin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2179–2193 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  258. H. Wang, X.-K. Gu, X. Zheng, H. Pan, J. Zhu, S. Chen, L. Cao, W.-X. Li, J. Lu, Sci. Adv. 5, eaat6413 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  259. M. Zhou, S. Bao, A.J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 7327–7332 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. C. Yin, F.R. Negreiros, G. Barcaro, A. Beniya, L. Sementa, E.C. Tyo, S. Bartling, K.-H. Meiwes-Broer, S. Seifert, H. Hirata, N. Isomura, S. Nigam, C. Majumder, Y. Watanabe, A. Fortunelli, S. Vajda, J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 4923–4931 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. B. Yang, C. Liu, A. Halder, E.C. Tyo, A.B.F. Martinson, S. Seifer, P. Zapol, L.A. Curtiss, S. Vajda, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 10406–10412 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. A. Halder, C. Liu, Z. Liu, J.D. Emery, M.J. Pellin, L.A. Curtiss, P. Zapol, S. Vajda, A.B.F. Martinson, J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 9965–9972 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. A. Halder, L.A. Curtiss, A. Fortunelli, S. Vajda, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 110901 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. J. Laskin, G.E. Johnson, J. Warneke, V. Prabhakaran, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 16270–16284 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. S.A. Miller, H. Luo, S.J. Pachuta, R.G. Cooks, Science 275, 1447–1450 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. M. Nesselberger, M. Roefzaad, R.F. Hamou, P.U. Biedermann, F.F. Schweinberger, S. Kunz, K. Schloegl, G.K. Wiberg, S. Ashton, U. Heiz, K.J. Mayrhofer, M. Arenz, Nat. Mater. 12, 919–924 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. K. Wettergren, F.F. Schweinberger, D. Deiana, C.J. Ridge, A.S. Crampton, M.D. Rotzer, T.W. Hansen, V.P. Zhdanov, U. Heiz, C. Langhammer, Nano Lett. 14, 5803–5809 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. M. Rondelli, G. Zwaschka, M. Krause, M.D. Rötzer, M.N. Hedhili, M.P. Högerl, V. D’Elia, F.F. Schweinberger, J.-M. Basset, U. Heiz, Acs Catal. 7, 4152–4162 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Y. Lei, F. Mehmood, S. Lee, J. Greeley, B. Lee, S. Seifert, R.E. Winans, J.W. Elam, R.J. Meyer, P.C. Redfern, D. Teschner, R. Schlögl, M.J. Pellin, L.A. Curtiss, S. Vajda, Science 328, 224–228 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. C. Cui, Z. Luo, J. Yao, CCS Chem. 1, 215–225 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. H. Zhang, C. Cui, Z. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 6260–6266 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. G. Kwon, G.A. Ferguson, C.J. Heard, E.C. Tyo, C. Yin, J. DeBartolo, S. Seifert, R.E. Winans, A.J. Kropf, J. Greeley, R.L. Johnston, L.A. Curtiss, M.J. Pellin, S. Vajda, ACS Nano 7, 5808–5817 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. J.M. Lisy, in Progress in Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Clusters (2015), pp. 79–119

    Google Scholar 

  274. H. Häkkinen, B. Yoon, U. Landman, X. Li, H.-J. Zhai, L.-S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 6168–6175 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. F.A. Akin, C.C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 5841 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. F.A. Akin, C.C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 5841–5851 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. H.F. Bettinger, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 670–671 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. W.J. Chen, H.J. Zhai, Y.F. Zhang, X. Huang, L.S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 114, 5958–5966 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. U. Das, K. Raghavachari, C.C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 014313 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. S.R. Desai, H.B. Wu, C.M. Rohlfing, L.S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 1309–1317 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. K. Dumbuya, G. Cabailh, R. Lazzari, J. Jupille, L. Ringel, M. Pistor, O. Lytken, H.P. Steinrück, J.M. Gottfried, Catal. Today 181, 20–25 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. M.A. Duncan, A.M. Knight, Y. Negishi, S. Nagao, K. Judai, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 10093–10097 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. S.M.E. Green, S. Alex, N.L. Fleischer, E.L. Millam, T.P. Marcy, D.G. Leopold, J. Chem. Phys. 114, 2653–2668 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. A. Grubisic, H. Wang, Y.J. Ko, K.H. Bowen, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 054302 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. R.F. Gunion, S.J. DixonWarren, W.C. Lineberger, M.D. Morse, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 1765–1773 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. G.L. Gutsev, C.W. Bauschlicher, H.-J. Zhai, L.-S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11135 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. T. Herranz, X.Y. Deng, A. Cabot, P. Alivisatos, Z. Liu, G. Soler-Illia, M. Salmeron, Catal. Today 143, 158–166 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. J.K.L. Knappenberger, P.A. Clayborne, J.U. Reveles, M.A. Sobhy, J.C.E. Jones, U.U. Gupta, S.N. Khanna, I. Iordanov, J. Sofo, J.A.W. Castleman, ACS Nano 1, 319–326 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. K.L. Knappenberger Jr., C.E. Jones, M.A. Sobhy, I. Iordanov, J. Sofo, A.W. Castleman Jr., J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12814–12821 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. S. Lee, G.W. Zajac, D.W. Goodman, Top. Catal. 38, 127–132 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. R.Z. Li, H.G. Xu, G.J. Cao, Y.C. Zhao, W.J. Zheng, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 134307 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. S.G. Li, H.J. Zhai, L.S. Wang, D.A. Dixon, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 11273–11288 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. X. Li, S.S. Liu, W. Chen, L.-S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 2464 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. X. Li, L.S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 8389–8395 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. X. Li, L.S. Wang, A.I. Boldyrev, J. Simons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 6033–6038 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. X. Li, L.S. Wang, N.A. Cannon, A.I. Boldyrev, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 1330–1338 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. N.J. Mayhall, D.W. Rothgeb, E. Hossain, K. Raghavachari, C.C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 124313 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. A. Pramann, K. Koyasu, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya, J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 4891–4896 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. A. Pramann, K. Koyasu, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 6521–6528 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. A. Pramann, Y. Nakamura, A. Nakajima, K. Kaya, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 7534–7540 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. D.W. Rothgeb, E. Hossain, A.T. Kuo, J.L. Troyer, C.C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 044310 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. J.C. Schultz, F.A. Houle, J.L. Beauchamp, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 7336–7347 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. D.H.A. ter Steege, C. Lagrost, W.J. Buma, D.A. Leigh, F. Zerbetto, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 8270–8280 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. M. Vonderach, O.T. Ehrler, P. Weis, M.M. Kappes, Anal. Chem. 83, 1108–1115 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. H.Q. Wang, H.F. Li, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 164304 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. L.S. Wang, X. Li, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 3602–3608 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. L.-S. Wang, H.-S. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 9480 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. L.-S. Wang, C.-F. Ding, X.-B. Wang, S.E. Barlow, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1999, 70 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  309. X.B. Wang, L.S. Wang, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 105–126 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Y.L. Wang, H.J. Zhai, L. Xu, J. Li, L.S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 114, 1247–1254 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. T. Watanabe, T. Tsukuda, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 6664–6668 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. T. Waters, X.-B. Wang, L.-S. Wang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 251, 474–491 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. H. Wu, L.-S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 9129–9135 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. H.B. Wu, S.R. Desai, L.S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 2103–2111 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. H.G. Xu, Z.G. Zhang, Y. Feng, J.Y. Yuan, Y.C. Zhao, W.J. Zheng, Chem. Phys. Lett. 487, 204–208 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. J. Yang, X.B. Wang, X.P. Xing, L.S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 201102 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. X. Yang, T. Waters, X.B. Wang, R.A.J. O’Hair, A.G. Wedd, J. Li, D.A. Dixon, L.S. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 10089–10093 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. J.Y. Yuan, H.G. Xu, Z.G. Zhang, Y. Feng, W.J. Zheng, J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 182–186 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. H.J. Zhai, S.R. Liu, X. Li, L.S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5170–5178 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. H.J. Zhai, L.S. Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164315 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. H.J. Zhai, L.S. Wang, P. Jena, G.L. Gutsev, C.W. Bauschlicher, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8996–9008 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Z.G. Zhang, H.G. Xu, X.Y. Kong, W.J. Zheng, J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 13–18 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Z.G. Zhang, H.G. Xu, Y.C. Zhao, W.J. Zheng, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 154314 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Y. Matsumoto, K. Honma, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 13962–13971 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. S. Gilb, K. Hartl, A. Kartouzian, J. Peter, U. Heiz, H.G. Boyen, P. Ziemann, Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 501–506 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. A. Kartouzian, M. Thaemer, T. Soini, J. Peter, P. Pitschi, S. Gilb, U. Heiz, J. Appl. Phys. 104 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  327. A. Del Vitto, G. Pacchioni, K.H. Lim, N. Rosch, J.M. Antonietti, M. Michalski, U. Heiz, H. Jones, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 19876–19884 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. A. Kartouzian, M. Thaemer, U. Heiz, Phys. Status Solidi B Basic Solid State Phys. 247, 1147–1151 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. J.M. Antonietti, M. Michalski, U. Heiz, H. Jones, K.H. Lim, N. Rosch, A. Del Vitto, G. Pacchioni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 213402 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. M.A. Duncan, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 22, 407–435 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Y. Hu, J. Guan, E.R. Bernstein, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 32, 484–501 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. E.R. Bernstein, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 377, 248–262 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. D. Oepts, A.F.G. van der Meer, P.W. van Amersfoort, Infrared Phys. Technol. 36, 297–308 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. P. Gruene, D.M. Rayner, B. Redlich, A.F.G. van der Meer, J.T. Lyon, G. Meijer, A. Fielicke, Science 321, 674–676 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. N.X. Truong, M. Haertelt, B.K.A. Jaeger, S. Gewinner, W. Schöllkopf, A. Fielicke, O. Dopfer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 395, 1–6 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. N.X. Truong, B.K.A. Jaeger, S. Gewinner, W. Schollkopf, A. Fielicke, O. Dopfer, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 9560–9571 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. H.B. Fu, Y.J. Hu, E.R. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 024302 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. H.B. Fu, Y.J. Hu, E.R. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 014310 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. S.-G. He, Y. Xie, Y. Guo, E.R. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 194315 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Y.J. Hu, H.B. Fu, E.R. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 154306 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Y.J. Hu, H.B. Fu, E.R. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 184308 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. F. Dong, S. Heinbuch, Y. Xie, J.J. Rocca, E.R. Bernstein, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 3029–3040 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Luo, Z., Khanna, S.N. (2020). Instrumentation for Cluster Science. In: Metal Clusters and Their Reactivity. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9704-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics