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Quantum Optical Phenomena in Nuclear Resonant Scattering

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Modern Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Part of the book series: Topics in Applied Physics ((TAP,volume 137))

Abstract

With the advent of high-brilliance, accelerator-driven light sources such as modern synchrotron radiation sources or x-ray lasers, it has become possible to extend quantum optical concepts into the x-ray regime. Owing to the availability of single photon x-ray detectors with quantum efficiencies close to unity and photon-number resolving capabilities, fundamental phenomena of quantum optics can now also be studied at Angstrom wavelengths. A key role in the emerging field of x-ray quantum optics is taken by the nuclear resonances of Mössbauer isotopes. Their narrow resonance bandwidth facilitates high-precision studies of fundamental aspects of the light-matter interaction. A very accurate tuning of this interaction is possible via a controlled placement of Mössbauer nuclei in planar thin-film waveguides that act as cavities for x-rays. A decisive aspect in contrast to conventional forward scattering is that the cavity geometry facilitates the excitation of cooperative radiative eigenstates of the embedded nuclei. The multiple interaction of real and virtual photons with a nuclear ensemble in a cavity leads to a strong superradiant enhancement of the resonant emission and a strong radiative level shift, known as collective Lamb shift. Meanwhile, thin-film x-ray cavities and multilayers have evolved into an enabling technology for nuclear quantum optics. The radiative coupling of such ensembles in the cavity field can be employed to generate atomic coherences between different nuclear levels, resulting in phenomena including electromagnetically induced transparency, spontaneously generated coherences, Fano resonances and others. Enhancing the interaction strength between nuclei in photonic structures like superlattices and coupled cavities facilitates to reach the regime of collective strong coupling of light and matter where phenomena like normal mode splitting and Rabi oscillations appear. These developments establish Mössbauer nuclei as a promising platform to study quantum optical effects at x-ray energies. In turn, these effects bear potential to advance the instrumentation and applications of Mössbauer science as a whole.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In a great part of the literature about the collective Lamb shift the values given are valid only for the initial phase of the temporal evolution where the decay can be considered superradiant.

  2. 2.

    The directional emission of single photons has been called counterintuitive [9] since no macroscopic dipole moment is involved in the single-excitation timed Dicke state Eq. (3.9) like it is the case, e.g., for a fully inverted system. Therefore one might expect that a weakly excited system radiates with an undirected emission pattern as a single atom does. The directionality, however, is just another consequence of the coherence involved in the scattering process.

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Acknowledgements

The results presented in this review would not have been possible without the eminent contributions of numerous coworkers and colleagues over the past ten years, We are gratefully indebted for their various contributions. Amongst those, there are few who we would like to mention in particular. First and foremost, this is Marlan O. Scully who, during the PQE conference in Snowbird in 2009, inspired our work on the collective Lamb shift, which was the initial spark that ignited the field of cavity-based nuclear quantum optics. It was then during the following years where the lively discussions with Bernhard Adams, Olga Kocharovskaya, Anatoly Svidzinsky and others, constituted a constant source of inspiration for the development of this field. In the following we would like to list—in alphabetical order—those colleagues who contributed in many ways to the development of the field, ranging from stimulating discussions to hands-on work in the laboratories and during the experiments at the synchrotron radiation sources ESRF and PETRA III: Hendrik Bernhardt, Lars Bocklage, Alexander I. Chumakov, Sebastien Couet, Frank-Uwe Dill, Jakob Gollwitzer, Tatyana Gurieva, Johann Haber, Kilian Heeg, Andreas Kaldun, Christoph H. Keitel, Dominik Lentrodt, Robert Loetzsch, Olaf Leupold, Berit Marx, Xiangjin Kong, Christian Ott, Adriana Palffy, Gerhard Paulus, Thomas Pfeifer, Sasha Poddubbny, André Rothkirch, Rudolf Rüffer, Balaram Sahoo, Kai Schlage, Kai-Sven Schulze, Daniel Schumacher, Cornelius Strohm, Ingo Uschmann, Hans-Christian Wille, and Svenja Willing.

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  1. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany

    Ralf Röhlsberger

  2. Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany

    Ralf Röhlsberger

  3. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany

    Jörg Evers

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Correspondence to Ralf Röhlsberger .

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  1. Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan

    Yutaka Yoshida

  2. University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Guido Langouche

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Röhlsberger, R., Evers, J. (2021). Quantum Optical Phenomena in Nuclear Resonant Scattering. In: Yoshida, Y., Langouche, G. (eds) Modern Mössbauer Spectroscopy. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 137. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9422-9_3

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