Abstract
If the pinhole in a confocal microscope is replaced by a detector array, each detector pixel simultaneously gives a confocal image. The resultant four-dimensional data set can be reconstructed to give improved resolution and signal to noise ratio.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.J.R. Sheppard, A. Choudhury, Image formation in the scanning microscope. Optica Acta 24, 1051–1073 (1977)
C.J.R. Sheppard, The generalized microscope, in Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications and Advances, ed. by A. Diaspro (Wiley-Liss, 2002), pp. 1–18
S. Mehta, C.J.R. Sheppard, Quantitative phase-gradient imaging at high resolution with asymmetric illumination-based differential phase contrast. Opt. Lett. 34, 1924–1926 (2009)
M. Bertero, E.R. Pike, Resolution in diffraction-limited imaging, a singular value analysis I. The case of coherent illumination. Optica Acta 29, 727–746 (1982)
C. de Mol, Resolution enhancement by data inversion techniques, in Trends in Optics: Research, Developments and Applications, ed. by A. Consortini (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 281–297
F. Reinholz et al., A new powerful mode of laser scanning microscopy. Optik 82, 165–168 (1989)
C.J.R. Sheppard, C.J. Cogswell, Confocal microscopy with detector arrays. J. Modern Optics 37, 267–279 (1990)
C.J.R. Sheppard, et al., Image formation in image scanning microscopy, including the case of two-photon excitation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 1339–1350 (2017)
C.J.R. Sheppard, T. Wilson, The theory of the direct-view confocal microscope. J. Microsc. 124, 107–117 (1981)
M. Petrán et al., Tandem scanning reflected light microscope. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 661–664 (1968)
C.J.R. Sheppard, Super-resolution in confocal imaging. Optik 80, 53–54 (1988)
C.B. Müller, J. Enderlein, Image scanning microscopy. Phys. Rev. Letts. 104, 198101 (2010)
C.J.R. Sheppard, S.B. Mehta, R. Heintzmann, Superresolution by image scanning microscopy using pixel reassignment. Opt. Lett. 2889–2892 (2013)
M. Castello et al., A robust and versatile platform for image scanning microscopy enabling super-resolution FLIM. Nat. Meth. 16, 175–178 (2019)
I.J. Cox, C.J.R. Sheppard, T. Wilson, Improvement in resolution by nearly confocal microscopy. App. Opt. 21, 778–781 (1982)
C.J.R. Sheppard et al., Interpretation of the optical transfer function: Significance for image scanning microscopy. Opt. Exp. 24, 27280–27287 (2016)
S. Roth et al., Superconcentration of light—Circumventing the classical limit to achievable irradiance. Opt. Lett. 41, 2109–2112 (2016)
M. Castello et al., Image scanning microscopy with a quadrant detector. Opt. Lett. 40, 5355–5358 (2015)
G.M.R. De Luca et al., Re-scan confocal microscopy: scanning twice for better resolution. Biomed. Opt. Exp. 4, 2644–2656 (2013)
S. Roth et al., Optical photon reassignment microscopy (OPRA). Optical Nanoscopy 2, 5 (2013)
O. Schulz et al., Resolution doubling in fuorescence microscopy with confocal spinning-disk image scanning microscopy. PNAS 110, 21000–21005 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sheppard, C.J.R. (2021). Pixel Reassignment in Image Scanning Microscopy. In: Singh, K., Gupta, A.K., Khare, S., Dixit, N., Pant, K. (eds) ICOL-2019. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 258. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9259-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9259-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9258-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-9259-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)