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Parts-Per-Million-Level Doping Effects and Organic Solar Cells Having Doping-Based Junctions

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Abstract

Controlling the pn-type behavior of a semiconductor such as silicon by adding an extremely small quantity of an impurity (doping) has been a central part of inorganic semiconductor electronics since the 20th century. Recent progress in the doping of organic semiconductors strongly suggests the advent of a new era of doped organic semiconductors. In this chapter, the principles and effects of doping at the level of parts per million (ppm) in organic semiconductor films and in single crystals are summarized. This chapter includes descriptions of complete pn-control, doping sensitization, ppm-doping effects in organic single crystals measured by the Hall effect. The Wannier excitonic doping of organic single crystals possessing band conduction and the defect science of organic single crystals related to carrier trapping and scattering are introduced as a new scientific field. In addition, organic junctions made by ppm-doping technology are summarized. The pn-homojunctions in the single films as well as the D/A co-deposited films and the ohmic junctions at organic/metal and organic/organic interfaces, which are indispensable to fabricate novel organic solar cells, are described.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank M. Kubo, Y. Shinmura, C. Ohashi, and N. Ishiyama for their important work on doping and Professors M. Izaki and H. Naito for their helpful discussions. The authors also appreciate A. Adachi and S. Ohashi of Epitech Inc. for their help in the design and construction of the built-in chamber globe box systems with extremely slow deposition apparatuses. Funding from CREST/JST and NEDO is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Aichi, Japan

    Masahiro Hiramoto

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  1. Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

    Masahiro Hiramoto

  2. Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

    Seiichiro Izawa

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Hiramoto, M. (2021). Parts-Per-Million-Level Doping Effects and Organic Solar Cells Having Doping-Based Junctions. In: Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S. (eds) Organic Solar Cells. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9113-6_9

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