Abstract
There are many types of learning environments presented in higher education venues, requiring the development of a diverse repertoire of learning abilities. Group discussion (GD) is one such learning environment, and the students who participate require multiple communication skills. Technically, it is desirable for a student participating in a GD to understand other participants’ emotional reactions toward their utterances to improve their locution, content, etc. The purpose of this research is to predict listeners’ emotions in response to speakers’ utterances using multimodal sensors. In experiments, GDs were conducted with 20 students. Six basic emotions were recorded as responses to speakers’ utterances during the GDs using an emotional annotation tool. This study predicted the occurrence of the emotions by using an accelerometer, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and an electromyography (EMG). From sensor data, 56 features in the time and frequency domains were calculated, and Kruskal–Wallis tests and multiple comparison tests were performed to investigate whether there were significant differences among the features collected. As a result, there were significant differences among the groups of six basic emotions (\({p}<0.01\)). As an application, it has been shown that negative and positive emotions could be distinguished by support vector machine (SVM) with 76% F1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ogata, H., Liu, S., Mouri, K.: Ubiquitous learning analytics using learning logs. In: Workshop Proceedings of LAK2014 (2014)
Shimada, A., Taniguchi, Y., Okubo, F., Konomi, S., Ogata, H.: Online change detection for monitoring individual student behavior via clickstream data on e-Book system. In: Proceedings of LAK2018, pp. 446–450 (2018)
Ocheja, P., Flanagan, B., Ogata, H.: Connecting decentralized learning records: a blockchain based learning analytics platform. In: Proceedings of LAK2018, pp. 265–269 (2018)
Sclater, N., Peasgood, A., Mullan, J.: Learning analytics in higher education. A Review of UK and International Practice. Full report, JISC (2016)
Harada, N., Kimura, M., Yamamoto, T., Miyake, Y.: System for measuring teacher-student communication in the classroom using smartphone accelerometer sensors. HCI 2017 Interaction Context, pp. 309–318 (2017)
Schleifer, L.M., Spalding, T.W., Keric, S.E., Cram, J.R., Ley, R., Hatfield, B.D.: Mental stress and trapezius muscle activation under psychomotor challenge: a focus on EMG gaps during computer work. Psychophysiology 45 (2008)
Elwess, N.L., Vogt, D.F.: Heart rate and stress in a college setting. J. College Biol. Teach. 31(4), 20–23 (2005)
Bligh, D.A.: What’s the Use of Lectures?. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (2000)
Kendon, A.: Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. Acta Psychol. 26, 22–63 (1967)
Clark, H.H., Carlson, T.B.: Hearers and speech acts. Language 58(2), 332–373 (1982)
Hall, J.A., Coats, E.J., LeBeau, L.S.: Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 131(6), 898–924 (2005)
Zancanaro, M., Lepri, B., Pianesi, F.: Automatic detection of group functional roles in face to face interactions. In: ICMI ’06: Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Multimodal interfaces, pp. 28–34 (2006)
Nihei, F., Nakano, Y.I., Hayashi, Y., Huang, H., Okada, S.: Predicting influential statements in group discussions using speech and head motion information. In: ICMI ’14: Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 136–143 (2014)
Yajima, K., Takeichi, Y., Sato, J.: Detecting concentration condition by analysis system of bio-signals for effective learning, information and communication technology, pp. 81–89 (2017)
Nomura, S., Hasegawa-Ohira, M., Kurosawa, Y., Hanasaka, Y., Yajima, K., Fukumura, Y.: Skin temperature as a possible indicator of student’s involvement in elearning sessions. In: 2011NETs International Conference on International Studies (2011)
Charoenpit, S., Ohkura, M.: New E-learning system focusing on emotional aspects using eye tracking. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014, pp. 6161–6170 (2014)
Sakuragi, S., Sugiyama, Y., Takeuchi, K.: Effects of laughing and weeping on mood and heart rate variability. J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. 21(3), 159–165 (2002)
Summers, I., Cofelt, T., Horton, R.E.: Work-group cohesion. Psychol. Rep. 63, 627–636 (1988)
Ekman, P.: Emotion in the Human Face. Pergamon Press, New York (1972)
Garcia-Ceja, E., Osmani, V., Mayora, O.: Automatic stress detection in working environments from smartphones’ accelerometer data: a first step. IEEE J. Biomed. Health. Inf. 20(4) (2016)
Janidarmian, M., Roshan, F.A., Radecka, K., Zilic, Z.: A comprehensive analysis on wearable accelerometers in human activity recognition. Sensors (Basel) 17(3) (2017)
Okada, Y., Yoto, T.Y., Suzuki, T., Sakuragawa, S., Sugiura, T.: Wearable ECG recorder with accelerometers for monitoring daily stress. In: Proceedings of Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 4718–4721 (2013)
Sztajzel, J.: Heart-rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Med. Wkly. 134, 514–522 (2004)
Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Hermens, H.: Trapezius muscle EMG as predictor of mental stress. ACM Trans. Embedded Comput. Syst. 12(4), 155–163 (2010)
Mallat, S., Hwang, W.L.: Singularity detection and processing with wavelets. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 38, 617–643 (1992)
Zheng, G., Wang, Y., Chen, Y.: Study of stress rules based on HRV features. J. Comput. 29(5), 41–51 (2018)
Mendez, M.O., Corthout, J., Van Huffel, S., Matteucci, M., Penzel, T., Certti, S., Bianchi, A.M.: Automatic screening of obstructive sleep apnea from the ECG based on empirical mode decomposition and wavelet analysis. Physiol. Means. 31, 273–289 (2010)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Cutting-Edge Research for the social implementation of next-generation artificial intelligence technologies of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan and Sciences Research Grant, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (General). We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for their English language editing services.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sakai, M., Shuzo, M., Yuasa, M., Matsui, K., Maeda, E. (2021). Biological and Behavioral Information-Based Method of Predicting Listener Emotions Toward Speaker Utterances During Group Discussion. In: Ahad, M.A.R., Inoue, S., Roggen, D., Fujinami, K. (eds) Activity and Behavior Computing. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 204. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8944-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8944-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8943-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8944-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)