Abstract
Animal opsin-based pigments are light-activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which drive signal transduction cascades via G-proteins. Thousands of animal opsins have been identified, and molecular phylogenetic and biochemical analyses have revealed the unexpected diversity in selectivity of G-protein activation and photochemical property. Here we discuss the optogenetic potentials of diverse animal opsins, particularly recently well-characterized three non-canonical opsins, parapinopsin, peropsin, and LWS bistable opsin. Unlike canonical opsins such as vertebrate visual opsins that have been conventionally used for optogenetic applications, these opsins are bistable; opsin-based pigments do not release the chromophore retinal after light absorption, and the stable photoproducts revert to their original dark states upon subsequent light absorption. Parapinopsins have a “complete photoregeneration ability,” which allows a clear color-dependent regulation of signal transductions. On the other hand, peropsins serve as a “dark-active and light-inactivated” GPCR to regulate signal transductions in the opposite way compared with usual opsins. In addition, an LWS bistable opsin from a butterfly was revealed to be the longest wavelength-sensitive animal opsin with its absorption maximum at ~570 nm. The property-dependent optical regulations of signal transductions were demonstrated in mammalian cultured cells, showing potentials of new optogenetic tools.
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- cAMP:
-
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- CNO:
-
clozapine-N-oxide
- DREADD:
-
Designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs
- GPCR:
-
G-protein-coupled receptor
- HEK293:
-
Human embryonic kidney cells 293
- KO:
-
Knockout
- LWS:
-
Long wavelength-sensitive
- PxRh3:
-
Papilio xuthus Rh3
- RGR:
-
Retinal G-protein-coupled receptor
- TMT:
-
Teleost multiple tissue
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 15H05777 and 16K14778 (to A.T.) and 16KT0074 and 18H02482 (to M.K.); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Grant JPMJCR1753 (to A.T.) and JST Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Grant JPMJPR13A2 (to M.K.).
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Koyanagi, M., Saito, T., Wada, S., Nagata, T., Kawano-Yamashita, E., Terakita, A. (2021). Optogenetic Potentials of Diverse Animal Opsins: Parapinopsin, Peropsin, LWS Bistable Opsin. In: Yawo, H., Kandori, H., Koizumi, A., Kageyama, R. (eds) Optogenetics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1293. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_8
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