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Optogenetics pp 35–53Cite as

Structure–Function Relationship of Channelrhodopsins

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB,volume 1293)

Abstract

Ion-translocating rhodopsins, especially channelrhodopsins (ChRs), have attracted broad attention as a powerful tool to modulate the membrane potential of cells with light (optogenetics). Because of recent biophysical, spectroscopic, and computational studies, including the structural determination of cation and anion ChRs, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying light-gated ion conduction has been greatly advanced. In this chapter, I first describe the background of rhodopsin family proteins including ChR, and how the optogenetics technology has been established from the discovery of first ChR in 2002. I later introduce the recent findings of the structure–function relationship of ChR by comparing the crystal structures of cation and anion ChRs. I further discuss the future goal in the fields of ChR research and optogenetic tool development.

Keywords

  • Channelrhodopsin
  • Optogenetics
  • Structural biology
  • Structure-guided engineering
  • Structure-guided mining

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Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.4

Abbreviations

7TM:

Seven transmembrane

ACR:

Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

ATR:

All-trans-retinal

CCR:

Cation-conducting channelrhodopsin

CrChR2 (or ChR2):

Cation channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

dACR:

Designed anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

GPCR:

G protein-coupled receptor

HR:

Halorhodopsins

HsBR:

Bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum

MD simulation:

Molecular dynamics simulation

nACR:

Natural anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

NpHR:

Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis

TR-SFX:

Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography

TR-SMX:

Time-resolved serial millisecond crystallography

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1782), UTEC-Utokyo FSI Research Grant Program, Yamada Science Foundation, and The Nakajima Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Hideaki E. Kato

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  1. Hideaki E. Kato
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Correspondence to Hideaki E. Kato .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

    Hiromu Yawo

  2. OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan

    Dr. Hideki Kandori

  3. National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

    Dr. Amane Koizumi

  4. Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Prof. Dr. Dr. med. Ryoichiro Kageyama

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Kato, H.E. (2021). Structure–Function Relationship of Channelrhodopsins. In: Yawo, H., Kandori, H., Koizumi, A., Kageyama, R. (eds) Optogenetics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1293. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_3

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