Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polyphagous Pests of Crops

Abstract

Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous pest, has traditionally been prevalent throughout the old world. While it has been predicted that it has the potential to make its foray into the New World, till very recently, it was not a reality. However, with its advent into southern America in recent years, the chances of its entry into northern America are extremely high. In such a scenario, with its wide host range of 181 species belonging to 47 families, many of which are major agricultural crops, the likelihood of this pest causing severe global damage is very high. Helicoverpa armigera is well on its way to becoming a ubiquitous pest. This chapter discusses the biology, damage measures and management strategies for this pest, which is currently causing a crop loss of USD 78 billion globally annually.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdi-Bastami F, Fathipour Y, Talebi AA (2011) Comparison of life table parameters of three populations of braconid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym.: Braconidae) on Ephestia kuehniella Zell (Lep.: Pyralidae) in laboratory conditions. Appl Entomol Phytopathol 78:131–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, McCaffery AR (1991) Elucidation of detoxication mechanisms involved in resistance to insecticides in the third instar larvae of a field-selected strain of Helicoverpa armigera with the use of synergists. Pest Biochem Biophysiol 41:41–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Gladwell RT, McCaffery AR (1989) Decreased nerve sensitivity is a mechanism of resistance in a pyrethroid resistant strain of Heliothis armigera from Thailand. Pest Biochem Biophysiol 35:165–171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Rasool B, Ahmad M, Russell DA (2019) Resistance and synergism of novel insecticides in field populations of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. J Econ Entomol 112(2):859–871

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ai XY, Ren S, Liu N, Huang L, Liu XN (2019) Transgenic tobacco expressing dsRNA of the arginine kinase gene exhibits enhanced resistance against Helicoverpa armigera. Bull Insectology 72(1):115–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Alavil J, Gholizadeh M (2010) Estimation of economic injury level (EIL) of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hb. (Lep., Noctuidae) on cotton. J Entomol Res 2:203–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali A, Rakha M, Shaheen FA, Srinivasan R (2019) Resistance of certain wild tomato (Solanum spp.) accessions to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on choice and no-choice bioassays. Fla Entomol 102(3):544–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Allahyari R, Aramideh S, Safaralizadeh MH, Rezapanah M, Michaud JP (2020) Synergy between parasitoids and pathogens for biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea. Entomol Exp Appl 168(1):70–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvi AH, Sayyed AH, Naeem M, Ali M (2012) Field evolved resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac in Pakistan. PLoS One 7(10)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CJ, Oakeshott JG, Tay WT, Gordon KH, Zwick A, Walsh TK (2018) Hybridization and gene flow in the mega-pest lineage of moth, Helicoverpa. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(19):5034–5039

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • APPPC (1987) Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document No. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashfaq M, Sajjad M, ul Ane MN, Rana N (2012) Morphological and chemical characteristics of tomato foliage as mechanisms of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Afr J Biotechnol 11(30):7744–7750

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt NJ, Patel PK (2001) Biology of chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Indian J Entomol 63(3):255–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozsik A (2007) The damage of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) on Brugmansia × candida in Hungary. (A gyapottok-bagolylepke (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) károsítása angyaltrombitán.). In: Kövics GJ, Dávid I (eds) 12. Tiszántúli Növényvédelmi Fórum, 17–18 October 2007, Debrecen, Hungary. Debreceni Egyetem, Agrártudományi Centrum, Mezögazdaságtudományi Kar, Debrecen, pp 150–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Brier H, Quade A, Wessels J (2010) Economic thresholds for Helicoverpa and other pests in summer pulses-challenging our perceptions of pest damage. In: Proceedings of the 1st Australian summer grains conference, 21–24 June 2010, Australia, Gold Coast; 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • CAB (2000) Crop protection compendium: global module, common wealth agricultural bureau international, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • CABI (2020) Invasive species compendium detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. Helicoverpa armigera (Cotton bollworm). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26757

  • CABI (Undated-a) CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. CABI, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • CABI (Undated-b) Compendium record. CABI, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron PJ, Walker GP, Herman TJ, Wallace AR (2001) Development of economic thresholds and monitoring systems for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomatoes. J Econ Entomol 94:1104–1012

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caprio MA, Martinez JC, Porter PA, Bynum E (2016) The impact of inter-kernel movement in the evolution of resistance to dual-toxin Bt-corn varieties in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 109(1):307–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro E, Silva LB, Paiva P, Napoleão TH, dos Santos Carvalho G, Lopes GN, Pavan BE (2019) Esterase activity in homogenates of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to different insecticides and the behavioral effect. Biosci J 35(1):166–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiglioni E, Clérison RP, Chiaravalle W, Jonas AA, Ugalde G, Jerson VCG (2016) First record of occurrence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean in Uruguay. (Primer registro de ocurrencia de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en soja, en Uruguay.). Agrociencia (Montevideo) 20(1):31–35. http://www.fagro.edu.uy/˜agrociencia/index.php/directorio

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang H, Liu Y, Ai D, Jiang X, Dong S, Wang G (2017) A pheromone antagonist regulates optimal mating time in the moth Helicoverpa armigera. Curr Biol 27(11):1610–1615

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary JP, Sharma SK (1982) Feeding behaviour and larval population levels of H. armigera causing economic damage to gram crop. Haryana Agril Univ J Res 12(3):462–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Liu H, Mo B-C, Hu J, Liu S-Q, Bustos-Segura C, Xue J, Wang X (2020a) Growth and Development of Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae infected by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3i (HvAV-3i). Front Physiol 11(2020):93

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Bird L, Woolley L, Walsh T, Gordon K, Herron G (2020b) Linkage mapping an indoxacarb resistance locus in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by genotype-by-sequencing. Pest Manag Sci 76(2):617–627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry A, Cock M, Van den Berg H, Kfir R (2003) Biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in Africa. In: Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 329–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitra KC, Reddy GR (1993) Studies on the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to insecticides in different populations of Heliothis armigera (Hubner). Indian J Comp Anim Physioly 11:99–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs M, Del Socorro AP, Fitt GP, Gregg PC (1993) The reproductive maturity and mating status of Heliothis armigera, Heliothis punctigera and Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia. Bull Entomol Res 83:529–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham JP, Zalucki MP (2014) Understanding heliothine pests: what is a host plant? J Econ Entomol 107:881–896. PMID: 25026644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly JC (1988) Insecticide resistance in Heliothis armigera in Australia. Pestic Sci 23(2):165–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandan Z, Yutao X, Wenbo C, Yanhui L, Kongming W (2019) Field monitoring of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Cry1Ac insecticidal protein resistance in China (2005–2017). Pest Manag Sci 75(3):753–759

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dassou AG, Vodouhe SD, Bokonon-Ganta A (2018) Influence of the cultivated plant diversity on the abundance of arthropod trophic groups and Helicoverpa armigera biological control in tomato cropping systems in Benin. In Ecological and organic agriculture strategies for viable continental and national development in the context of the African Union’s Agenda 2063. Scientific track proceedings of the 4th African organic conference. November 5–8, 2018. Saly Portudal, Senegal, pp 231–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon ML, Fitt GP (1990) HEAPS: a regional model of Heliothis population dynamics

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinesh K, Anusha S, Bharu RS, Dangi NL (2017) Estimation of avoidable yield losses caused by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(2):1476–1478

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingle H (2014) Migration: the biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Downes S, Mahon R (2012) Successes and challenges of managing resistance in Helicoverpa armigera to Bt cotton in Australia. GM Crops Food 3(3):228–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake VA, Fitt GP (1990) Studies of Heliothis mobility at Narrabri, summer 1989/90. In: Fifth Australian cotton conference. Aust. Cotton Grow. Res. Assoc., Narrabri, pp 295–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake VA, Gatehouse AG (1995) Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake VA, Reynolds DR (2012) Radar entomology: observing insect flight and migration. CABI, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake VA, Gatehouse AG, Farrow RA (1995) Insect migration: a holistic conceptual model. Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time:427–457

    Google Scholar 

  • EPPO (2014) EPPO global database (available online). EPPO, Paris. https://gd.eppo.int/

    Google Scholar 

  • Eroglu GB, Demir I, Demirbag Z (2018) A novel alphabaculovirus isolated from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): characterization and pathogenicity. Biologia 73(5):545–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrow RA, Daly JC (1987) Long-range movements as an adaptive strategy in the genus Heliothis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): a review of its occurrence and detection in 4 pest species. Aust J Zool 35:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Fathipour Y, Naseri B (2011) Soybean cultivars affecting performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: Ng TB (ed) Soybean – biochemistry, chemistry and physiology. InTech, Rijeka, pp 599–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng HQ, Wu KM, Cheng DF, Guo YY (2004) Northward migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in early summer observed with radar in northern China. J Econ Entomol 97:1874–1883

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng HQ, Wu KM, Ni YX, Cheng DF, Guo YY (2005a) Return migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during autumn in northern China. Bull Entomol Res 95:361–370

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng HQ, Wu KM, Ni YX, Cheng DF, Guo YY (2005b) High-altitude windborne transport of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in mid-summer in northern China. J Insect Behav 18:335–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng HQ, Wu XF, Wu B, Wu KM (2009) Seasonal migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) over the Bohai Sea. J Econ Entomol 102:95–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitt GP (1989a) The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annu Rev Entomol 34:17–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitt GP, Forrester NW (1987) Overwintering populations of Heliothis in the Namoi Valley and the importance of cultivation of cotton stubble. Aust Cotton Grower 8(4):7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitt GP (1989b) The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annu Rev Entomol 34:17–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrester NW, Cahill M, Bird LJ, Layland JK (1993) Management of pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Bull Entomol Res: Supplement Series, Supplement No. 1:132

    Google Scholar 

  • Geletu B, Million E, Yadeta A (1996) Improved cultivars and production technology of chickpea in Ethiopia. Res Bull 2:60

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregg PC, Fitt GP, Zalucki MP, Murray DAH (1995) Insect migration in an arid continent. II. Helicoverpa spp. in eastern Australia. In: Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time, 72, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunning RV, Devonshire AL, Moores GD (1995) Metabolism of esfenvalerate by pyrethroid-susceptible and-resistant Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Biochem Biophysiol 51:205–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning RV, Ferris IG, Easton CS (1994) Toxicity, penetration, tissue distribution and metabolism of methyl parathion in Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 87:1180–1184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning RV, Moores GD, Devonshire AL (1996a) Insensitive acetylcholine esterase and resistance to thiodicarb in Australian Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Biochem Biophysiol 55:21–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning RV, Moores GD, Devonshire AL (1996b) Esterases and esfenvalerate resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Pest Biochem Biophysiol 54:12–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett DS, Gatehouse AG (1982) Diapause in Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. fletcheri (Hardwick)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira. Bull Entomol Res 72(3):409–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggis MJ (1982) Distribution of Heliothis armigera eggs on cotton in the Sudan Gezira: spatial and temporal changes and their possible relation to weather. In: Reed W, Kumble V (eds) Proceedings of the international workshop on Heliothis Management. ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, 15–20 November 1981 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh India, pp 87–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick DF (1965) The corn earworm complex. Mem Entomol Soc Can 40:1–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazarika N, Acharjee S, Boruah RR, Babar K, Srinivas P, Char B, Armstrong J, Moore A, Higgins TJV, Sarmah BK (2019) Enhanced expression of Arabidopsis rubisco small subunit gene promoter regulated Cry1Ac gene in chickpea conferred complete resistance to Helicoverpa armigera. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol, 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-019-00531-1

  • Herald KP, Tayde AR (2018) Biology and morphology of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) under Allahabad conditions. J Entomol Zool 6(4):1734–1737

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway JD (1977) The Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, their biogeography and ecology. In: The Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, their biogeography and ecology. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk b.v. vi + 291 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • IPPC (2007) Finding of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner on Phaseolus vulgaris (outdoors). In: IPPC official pest report. FAO, Rome. https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp

    Google Scholar 

  • Jallow MFA, Cunningham JP, Zalucki MP (2004) Intra-specific variation for host plant use in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): implications for management. Crop Prot 23:955–964

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SJ, King EG, Bradley JR (1986) Theory and tactics of Heliothis population management: I-Cultural and biological control. Southern Coop Ser Bull 316:161–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones CM, Parry H, Tay WT, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW (2019) Movement ecology of pest Helicoverpa: implications for ongoing spread. Annu Rev Entomol 64:277–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joussen N, Agnolet S, Lorenz S, Schöne SE, Ellinger R, Schneider B, Heckel DG (2012) Resistance of Australian Helicoverpa armigera to fenvalerate is due to the chimeric P450 enzyme CYP337B3. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(38):15206–15211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karim S (2000) Management of Helicoverpa armigera: a review and prospectus for Pakistan. Pak J Biol Sci 3:1213–1222

    Google Scholar 

  • Karimi S, Fathipour Y, Talebi AA, Naseri B (2012) Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using demographic parameters. J Econ Entomol 105(6):2172–2179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kassi AK, Javed H, Mukhtar T (2019) Relationship of physico-morphic characters of okra cultivars with their resistance to Helicoverpa armigera. Pak J Zool 51(3):835–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SM, Faizullah S (1999) Varietal performance of gram and comparative effectiveness of three insecticides againstgram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hb.). Pak J Biol Sci 2:1435–1437

    Google Scholar 

  • Khare UK, Gupta PK (2019) Pathogenic behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae-a potential entomopathogenic fungi against Helicoverpa armigera. Ann Plant Prot Sci 27(2):200–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaskheli MI, Khaskheli AJ, Jiskani MM, Chang X, Gong G, Poussio GB, Otho SA (2019) The use of promising entomopathogenic fungi for eco-friendly management of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in chickpea. Int J Environ Agric Biotechnol 4(3)

    Google Scholar 

  • King ABS (1994) Heliothis/Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: Matthews GA, Tunstall JP (eds) Insect pests of cotton. CAB International, Wallingford, Wallingford, pp 39–106

    Google Scholar 

  • King EG, Jackson RD (1989) Proceedings of the workshop on biological control of Heliothis: increasing the effectiveness of natural enemies, New Delhi, India, 11–15 November 1985. Far Eastern Regional Research Office, USDA, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriticos DJ, Ota N, Hutchison WD, Beddow J, Walsh T, Tay WK, Borchert DM, Paula-Moreas SV, Czepak C, Zalucki MP (2015) The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time? PLoS One 10:e0133224

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Bai L, Zhao C, Xu J, Sun Z, Dong Y, Ma ZQ (2020) Functional characterization of two carboxylesterase genes involved in pyrethroid detoxification in Helicoverpa armigera. J Agric Food Chem 68:3390–3402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao C, Heckel DG, Akhursta R (2002) Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins for Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), major pests of cotton. J Invertebr Pathol 80:55–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima LHC, Queiroz PR, de Oliveira MRV (2006) Caracterizac¸a˜o por meio de RAPD de Helicoverpa armigera (HUBNER) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), proveniente de Burkina Faso – Comunicado Te’cnico 143. Brası’lia, EMBRAPA CENARGEN, 37 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZD, Scheirs J, Heckel DG (2010) Host plant flowering increases both adult oviposition preference and larval performance of a generalist herbivore. Environ Entomol 39:552–560

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Zhu Z, Zhang T (2019) Development of transgenic CryIA (c)+ GNA cotton plants via pollen-tube pathway method confers resistance to Helicoverpa armigera and Aphis gossypii glover. In: Transgenic cotton. Humana Press, New York, pp 233–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Manjunath TM, Bhathagar VS, Pawar CS, Sithanantham S (1989) Economic importance of Heliothis spp. in India and an assessment of their natural enemies and host plant. In: King EG, Jackson RD (eds), Department of Agriculture

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews GA, Tunstall JP (1968) Scouting for pests and the timing of spray applications. Cotton Growing Rev, 45(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murúa MG, Scalora FS, Navarro FR, Cazado LE, Casmuz A, Villagrán ME, Lobos E, Gastaminza G (2014) First record of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Argentina. Fla Entomol 97(2):854–856. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.097.0279. http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NAPPO (2014) Phytosanitary alert system: old world bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), detected in Puerto Rico., NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=600&keyword=Helicoverpa%20armigera

  • NAPPO (2015) Helicoverpa armigera (Old World bollworm) – detection in Florida., NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=629

  • NAPPO (2016) Phytosanitary alert system: Helicoverpa armigera (Old World bollworm) in Florida deemed an isolated regulatory incident., NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=666

  • Naseri B, Fathipour Y, Moharramipour S, Hosseininaveh V, Gatehouse AM (2010) Digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activities of Helicoverpa armigera in response to feeding on different soybean cultivars. Pest Manag Sci 66:1316–1323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naseri B, Fathipour Y, Moharramipour S, Hosseininaveh V (2009) Comparative life history and fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different soybean varieties. Entomol Sci 12:147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Nath P, Rai R (1995) Study of the bioecology and economic injury levels of Helicoverpa armigera infesting gram crop. Proceeding of national seminar on international pest management (IPM) in agriculture, 19–30 December 1995, Nagpur, India; 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawaz A, Ali H, Sufyan M, Gogi MD, Arif MJ, Ranjha MH, Arshid M, Waseem M, Mustafa T, Qasim M, Rizwan M (2019) Comparative bio-efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Spinosad against American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 63(4):277–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Odak SK, Thakur BS (1975) Preliminary studies on the economic threshold of gram pod borer Heliothis armigera (Hübner) on gram. All India workshops on Rabi pulses. Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, MRV de, Martins OM, Marinho VLA, Mendes MAS, Fonseca JNL, Batista, M de F (2003) O mandato da quarentena vegetal da Embrapa RecursosGene’ticos e Biotecnologia – Documentos 110. Brası’lia: EMBRAPA CENARGEN.61 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrauskas H, Ivinskis P, Taluntytė L (2002) Search for American bollworm (Heliothis armigera HB.) (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) with pheromone and light traps and analysis of pheromone catches in Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12(2):180–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13921657.2002.10512504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmqvist G (2015) Remarkable records of Macrolepidoptera in Sweden 2014. (Intressanta fynd av storfjärilar (Macrolepidoptera) i Sverige 2014.). Entomologisk Tidskrift 136(1/2):41–48. http://www.sef.nu/

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel AJ (1994) Estimation of economic injury level and economic threshold on level for Helicoverpa armigera on gram crop. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 20:88–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson EO (1958) The insect pests of cotton in tropical Africa. Empire Cotton Growing Corporation, London, p 355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedgley DE, Tucker MR, Pawar CS (1987) Windborne migration of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India. Insect Sci Its Appl 8:599–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedgley DE (1986) Windborne migration in the Middle East by the moth Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Ecol Entomol 11:467–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Phokela A, Mehrotra KN (1989) Pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis armigera Hubner. II: Permeability and metabolism of cypermethrin. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad Part B Biol Sci 55:235–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pogue M (2004) A new synonym of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and differentiation of adult males of H. zea and H. armigera(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 97:1222–1226

    Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz-Santos L, Casagrande MM, Specht A (2017) Morphological characterization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae). Neotrop Entomol, 47(4):517–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Radonjić S, Hrnčić S (2011) An overview of invasive species on vegetables in greenhouses in southern part of Montenegro. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin:153–157. http://www.iobc-wprs.org/pub/bulletins/bulletin_2011_68_table_of_contents_abstracts.pdf

  • Rafiee-Dastjerdi H, Hejazi MJ, Nouri-Ganbalani G, Saber M (2008) Toxicity of some biorational and conventional insecticides to cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Entomol Soc Iran 28:27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM (1990) Infestation and yield loss in chickpea due to pod borer in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Agric Res 15(2):16–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Raulston JR, Pair SD, Pedraza Martinez FA, Westbrook JK, Sparks AN, Sanchez Valdez VM (1986) Ecological studies indicating the migration of Heliothis zea, Spodoptera frugiperda and Heliothis virescens, from Northeast Mexico and Texas. In: Danthanarayana W (ed) Insect flight: dispersal and migration. Springer, Berlin, pp 204–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Raulston JR, Wolf WW, Lingren PD, Sparks AN (1982) Migration as a factor in Heliothis management. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on Heliothis Management. Int. Res. Inst. Semi-Arid Trop, Patancheru, pp 61–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy CN, Singh Y, Singh VS (2001) Economic injury level of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) on pigeonpea. Indian J Entomol 63:381–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy GVP, Manjunatha M (2000) Laboratory and field studies on the integrated pest management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in cotton, based on pheromone trap catch threshold level. J Appl Entomol 124:213–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley JR, Armes NJ, Reynolds DR, Smith AD (1992) Nocturnal observations on the emergence and flight behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the post-rainy season in Central India. Bull Entomol Res 82:243–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild GHL, Wilson AGL, Malafant KW, Reed W, Kumble V (1982) Proceedings of the international workshop on Heliothis management

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachan JN, Katti G (1994) Integrated Pest management proceeding of international symposium on PulsesResearch, April 2–6. IARI, New Delhi, pp 23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekhar PR, Rao NV, Venkataiah M, Rajasri M (1994) Sequential sampling plan of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea. Indian J Pulses Res 7:153–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Sene SO, Tendeng E, Diatte M, Sylla S, Labou B, Diallo AW, Diarra K (2020) Insecticide resistance in field populations of the tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera, from Senegal. Int J Biol Chem Sci 14(1):181–191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HC (2016) Host plant resistance to insect pests in pigeonpea: potential and limitations. Legume Perspect 11:24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton AM, Zhao JZ, Roush RT (2002) Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annu Rev Entomol 47:845–881

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BR, Reddy AR (1976) studies on minimum population level of gram pod borer which caused economic damage to Gangal gram crop. Report on All India Rabi Pulses Workshops. Varanasi

    Google Scholar 

  • Soleimannejad S, Fathipour Y, Moharramipour S, Zalucki MP (2010) Evaluation of potential resistance in seeds of different soybean cultivars to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using demographic parameters and nutritional indices. J Econ Entomol 103:1420–1430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sosa-Gomez DR, Specht A, Paula-Moraes SV, Lopes-Lima A, Yano SAC, Micheli A, Morais EG, Gallo P, Pereira PR, Salvadori JR, Botton M (2016) Timeline and geographical distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Heliothinae) in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:101–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava CP, Pimbert MP, Reed W (1992) Monitoring of Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) armigera (Hubner) moths with light and pheromone traps in India. Insect Sci Its Appl 13(2):205–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Z, Xu C, Chen S, Shi Q, Wang H, Wang R, Zeng R (2019) Exposure to herbicides prime P450-mediated detoxification of Helicoverpa armigera against insecticide and fungal toxin. Insects 10(1):28

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tay WT, Walsh TK, Downes S, Anderson C, Jermiin LS, Wong TK, Piper MC, Chang ES, Macedo IB, Czepak C, Behere GT (2017) Mitochondrial DNA and trade data support multiple origins of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil. Sci Rep 7:45302

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Timus A, Croitoru N (2006) Biological method of struggle against the basic wreckers of the sweet corn in R. of Moldova. Buletinul Universității de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară Cluj-Napoca. Seria Agricultură. 21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsakireli D, Riga M, Kounadi S, Douris V, Vontas J (2019) Functional characterization of CYP6A51, a cytochrome P450 associated with pyrethroid resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Pestic Biochem Physiol 157:196–203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UK, CAB International (1993) Helicoverpa armigera. [Distribution map]. In: Distribution Maps of plant pests. CAB International, Wallingford. Map 15 (2nd Rev).

    Google Scholar 

  • Venette RC, Davis EE, Zaspel Z, Heisler H, Larson M (2003) Mini risk assessment, Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/downloads/pra/harmigerapra.pdf. Accessed 8 Apr 2013

  • Venkataiah M, Sekhar PR, Rao NV, Singh TVK, Rajastri M (1994) Distribution pattern and sequential sampling of pod borer, Heliothis armigera in pigeonpea. Indian J Pulses Res 7:158–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidhate RP, Bhide AJ, Gaikwad SM, Giri AP (2019) A potent chitin-hydrolyzing enzyme from Myrothecium verrucaria affects growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera and plant fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 141:517–528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse DF (1993) The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. v + 141 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay WT, Soria MF, Walsh T, Thomazoni D, Silvie P, Behere GT, Anderson C, Downes S (2013) A brave new world for an old world pest: Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. PLoS One 8(11):e80134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080134. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0080134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman JA, Anders MM, Row VR, Reddy LM (1995) Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on chickpea in South India: thresholds and economics of host plant resistance and insecticide application. Crop Prot:437–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AGL (1981) Past and future Heliothis management in Australia. Heliothis Manag 343

    Google Scholar 

  • Wubneh WY (2016) Biological control of chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a global concern. World Sci News 2(45):92–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia Y, Lu Y, Shen J, Gao X, Qiu H, Li J (2014) Resistance monitoring for eight insecticides in Plutella xylostella in Central China. Crop Prot 63:131–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki A, Shimizu K, Fujisaki K (2009) Effect of host plant part on larval body-color polymorphism in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 102:76–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahid MA, Islam MM, Reza MH, Prodhan MHZ, Begum MR (2008) Determination of economic injury levels of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) chickpea. Bangladesh J Agric Res 33:555–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalucki MP, Daglish G, Firempong S, Twine P (1986) The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Australia—what do we know? Aust J Zool 34:779–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalucki MP, Furlong MJ (2005) Forecasting Helicoverpa populations in Australia: a comparison of regression based models and a bio-climatic based modelling approach. Insect Sci 12:45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalucki MP, Murray DAH, Gregg PC, Fitt GP, Twine PH, Jones C (1994) Ecology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Heliothis punctigera (Wallengren) in the inland of Australia: larval sampling and host plant relationships during winter and spring. Aust J Zool 42:329–346. https://doi.org/10.1071/zo9940329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Wu Q, Zhao S, Guo J, Wyckhuys KA, Wu K (2019) Migratory Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exhibits marked seasonal variation in morphology and fitness. Environ Entomol 48(3):755–763

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

    Geetanjali Mishra &  Omkar

Authors
  1. Geetanjali Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Omkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mishra, G., Omkar (2021). Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera). In: Omkar (eds) Polyphagous Pests of Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation