Abstract
Over the years, due to climate change, developing cities, industrial transformation, excessive farming, food habits, and ease of traveling have increased the chances of spreading of a pathogen in case of any pandemic. Scientists are trying to devise strategies to stop or mitigate any potential outbreak of any unknown virus: SARS-CoV-2, an invisible virus, a profound way to distort human lifestyle globally, causing COVID-19. Herein, the chapter discusses the advancements in nanotechnological solutions for the detection and prevention of COVID-19. The structure, characteristics, detection methods, possible mechanisms, sensors, and portable test kits of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are reviewed. Various nanomaterials-based formulations and promising approaches for the detection and clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections are carefully summarized. It discusses how nanotechnology can be used as a tool to alleviate the SARS-CoV-2 virus and explore the applications of nanomaterials for antiviral, antifungal coatings on personal protective equipment for protection. Studies revealed that there is a broad scope to develop various nanotechnology-based solutions to combat the invisible enemy of humankind.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abad-Valle P, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A (2005) Genosensor on gold films with enzymatic electrochemical detection of a SARS virus sequence. Biosens Bioelectron 20:2251–2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2004.10.019
Adams E, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson M (2020) Antibody testing for COVID-19: a report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20066407v2
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Xia L (2020) Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.80.2.000
Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DAJ (1968) Virology: coronaviruses. Nature 220(5168):650
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI et al (2020) The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26:450–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM et al (2013) Hospital outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N Engl J Med 369:407–416. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1306742
Balboni A, Gallina L, Palladini A et al (2012) A real-time PCR assay for bat SARS-like coronavirus detection and its application to Italian greater horseshoe bat faecal sample surveys. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/989514
Barrett ES, Horton DB, Roy J et al (2020) Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in previously undiagnosed health care workers at the onset of the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072470
Be’er Sheva Anti-Coronavirus Surface Coating Based on Nanomaterials (n.d.). https://www.hospimedica.com/covid-19/articles/294782200/scientists-develop-anti-coronavirus-surface-coating-based-on-nanomaterials.html
Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M et al (2019) Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 2020:200463. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200463
Borkow G, Zhou SS, Page T, Gabbay J (2010) A novel anti-influenza copper oxide containing respiratory face mask. PLoS One 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011295
Botequim D, Maia J, Lino MMF et al (2012) Nanoparticles and surfaces presenting antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. Langmuir 28:7646–7656. https://doi.org/10.1021/la300948n
Burrell CJ, Howard CR, Murphy FA (2017) Coronaviruses. In: Fenner White’s medical virology. Academic, Cambridge, MA, pp 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375156-0.00031-X
Cai X, Chen J, Hu J et al (2020) A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa243
Carter DC, Wright B, Jerome WG et al (2020a) A unique protein self-assembling nanoparticle with significant advantages in vaccine development and production. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4297937
Carter LJ, Garner LV, Smoot JW et al (2020b) Assay techniques and test development for COVID-19 diagnosis. ACS Cent Sci 6:591–605. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00501
Ceccarelli M, Berretta M, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G, Cacopardo B (2020) Differences and similarities between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus (CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. Would a rose by another name smell as sweet? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 23:7–9. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev
Chan PKS, Ng KC, Chan RCW et al (2004) Immunofluorescence assay for serologic diagnosis of SARS. Emerg Infect Dis 10:530–532. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030493
Chapin SC, Doyle PS (2011) Ultrasensitive multiplexed microRNA quantification on encoded gel microparticles using rolling circle amplification. Anal Chem 83:7179–7185. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac201618k
Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X et al (2020) The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antivir Res 176:104742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742
Das O, Neisiany RE, Capezza AJ et al (2020) The need for fully bio-based facemasks to counter coronavirus outbreaks: a perspective. Sci Total Environ 736:139611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139611
Dolez PI, Mlynarek J (2016) Smart materials for personal protective equipment: tendencies and recent developments. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam
Donald E. Snyder J (2000) Antibacterial antiviral coatings, coating process and parameters thereof. Us006120784a
El-Atab N, Qaiser N, Badghaish HS et al (2020) A flexible nanoporous template for the design and development of reusable anti-COVID-19 hydrophobic face masks. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03976
Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR et al (2005) Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol 3:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-3-6
Erlich HA, Davm Gelfand JJS (1991) Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science 252(5013):1643–1651
Fathi-Azarbayjani A, Qun L, Chan YW, Chan SY (2010) Novel vitamin and gold-loaded nanofiber facial mask for topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 11:1164–1170. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9475-z
Fathizadeh H, Maroufi P, Momen-Heravi M, Dao S, Köse Ş, Ganbarov K, Pagliano P, Esposito S, Kafil HS (2020) Protection and disinfection policies against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19). Infez Med 2:185–191
FDA (2020) FDA combating COVID-19 with medical devices. US Food Drug Administration
Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Lee JW et al (2017) Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2. Science 356:438–442. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9321
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS et al (2020) The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 5:536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
Haldar J, An D, De Cienfuegos LÁ et al (2006) Polymeric coatings that inactivate both influenza virus and pathogenic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17667–17671. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608803103
Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC et al (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570
Hogan CA, Garamani N, Lee AS, Tung JK, Sahoo MK, Huang CH, Bryan Stevens M, Zehnder J, Pinsky BA (2020) Comparison of the Accula SARS-CoV-1 2 test with a laboratory-developed assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical nasopharyngeal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00708-20
Hsu BB, Wong SY, Hammond PT et al (2011) Mechanism of inactivation of influenza viruses by immobilized hydrophobic polycations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017012108
Huang H, Fan C, Li M et al (2020) COVID-19: a call for physical scientists and engineers. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02618
Ishikawa FN, Chang HK, Curreli M et al (2009) Label-free, electrical detection of the SARS virus n-protein with nanowire biosensors utilizing antibody mimics as capture probes. ACS Nano 3:1219–1224. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900086c
Joe YH, Woo K, Hwang J (2014) Fabrication of an antiviral air filter with SiO2-Ag nanoparticles and performance evaluation in a continuous airflow condition. J Hazard Mater 280:356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.013
Joe YH, Park DH, Hwang J (2016) Evaluation of Ag nanoparticle coated air filter against aerosolized virus: antiviral efficiency with dust loading. J Hazard Mater 301:547–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.017
John E Wilson CB (2001) Light-activated antimicrobial and antiviral materials. United States Patent
Jones ST (2020) How materials can beat a virus. J Mater Sci 55:9148–9151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04678-4
Jose-Yacaman M, Schroder KA, Martin KM, Willauer DL (2009) Anti-viral uses of carbon and metal nanomaetrial compositions. US Patent
Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA et al (2020) Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03252
Kostarelos K (2020) Nanoscale nights of COVID-19. Nat Nanotechnol 15:343–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0687-4
Lan J, Ge J, Yu J et al (2020) Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581:215–220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
Layqah LA, Eissa S (2019) An electrochemical immunosensor for the corona virus associated with the Middle East respiratory syndrome using an array of gold nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes. Microchim Acta:186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3345-5
Lee C, Lin C, Lin S et al (2004) From an integrated biochip detection system to a defensive weapon against the SARS-CoV virus: OBMorph. MRS Online Proc Lib Arch 820:1–12
Lee T, Ahn JH, Park SY et al (2018) Recent advances in AIV biosensors composed of nanobio hybrid material. Micromachines 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9120651
Li X, Gong Y (2015) Design of polymeric nanofiber gauze mask to prevent inhaling PM2.5 particles from haze pollution. J Chem 15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/460392
Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y et al (2020) Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. ACS Cent Sci 6:315–331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272
Long QX, Liu BZ, Deng HJ et al (2020) Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J et al (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Lustig SR, Biswakarma JJH, Rana D et al (2020) Effectiveness of common fabrics to block aqueous aerosols of virus-like nanoparticles. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03972
Maghdid HS, Ghafoor KZ, Sadiq AS et al (2020) A novel AI-enabled framework to diagnose coronavirus COVID 19 using smartphone embedded sensors. Design Study:1–7
Maguire-Boyle SJ, Liga MV, Li Q, Barron AR (2012) Alumoxane/ferroxane nanoparticles for the removal of viral pathogens: the importance of surface functionality to nanoparticle activity. Nanoscale 4:5627–5632. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr31117h
Mahari S, Roberts A, Shahdeo D, Gandhi S (2020) eCovSens-ultrasensitive novel in-house built printed circuit board based electrochemical device for rapid detection of nCOVID-19. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.059204
Martínez-Paredes G, González-García MB, Costa-García A (2009) Genosensor for SARS virus detection based on gold nanostructured screen-printed carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis 21:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200804399
Meo SA, Alhowikan AM, Khlaiwi TAL et al (2020) Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24:2012–2019. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202002_20379
Mertens P, De Vos N, Martiny D et al (2020) Development and potential usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip diagnostic assay in a pandemic context. Front Med 7:225. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2020.00225
Miyako E, Nagata H, Hirano K et al (2008) Photoinduced antiviral carbon nanohorns. Nanotechnology 19. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/7/075106
Moitra P, Alafeef M, Dighe K et al (2020) Selective naked-eye detection of SARS-CoV-2 mediated by N gene targeted antisense oligonucleotide capped plasmonic nanoparticles. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03822
Moore SC, Penrice-Randal R, Alruwaili M et al (2020) Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19. medRXiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.05.20032011
Moran A, Beavis KG, Matushek SM et al (2020) The detection of SARS-CoV-2 using the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 and Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 assays. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00772-20
Mori Y, Ono T, Miyahira Y et al (2013) Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticle/chitosan composites against H1N1 influenza A virus. Nanoscale Res Lett 8:93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276x-8-93
No C (1988) Cellex qSARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test
Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H et al (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28:e63. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.12.e63
Palmieri V, Papi M (2020) Can graphene take part in the fight against COVID-19? Nano Today 33:100883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100883
Pan F, Ye T, Sun P et al (2020) Time course of lung changes at chest CT during recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology 295:715–721. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200370
Park GS, Ku K, Baek SH et al (2020) Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays targeting SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Diagn 22:729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.03.006
Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS et al (2020) The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033
Peiris JSM, Poon LLM (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Elsevier ltd, Amsterdam
Pillai AM, Sivasankarapillai VS, Rahdar A et al (2020) Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity. J Mol Struct 1211:128107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128107
Pimentel TAPF, Yan Z, Jeffers SA et al (2009) Peptide nanoparticles as novel immunogens: design and analysis of a prototypic severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine. Chem Biol Drug Des 73:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00746.x
Poon LLM, Leung CSW, Tashiro M, Chan KH, Wong BWY, Yuen KY, Guan Y, Peiris JSM (2004) Rapid detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Clin Chem 50(6):1050–1052. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.032011
Qiu X, Liu M, Sunada K et al (2012) A facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis of rhombohedral CuFeO2 crystals with antivirus property. Chem Commun 48:7365–7367. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc33475e
Qiu G, Gai Z, Tao Y et al (2020) Dual-functional plasmonic photothermal biosensors for highly accurate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02439
Redfield RR (2020) Regulation of COVID-19. US Food and Drug Administration
Roh C, Jo SK (2011) Quantitative and sensitive detection of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein using quantum dots-conjugated RNA aptamer on chip. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86:1475–1479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2721
Schmitt V, Kesch C, Jackson JK et al (2020) Design and characterization of injectable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) pastes for sustained and local drug release. Pharm Res 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-019-2730-4
Schröder I (2020) COVID-19: a risk assessment perspective. ACS Chem Health Saf. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.0c00035
Seo G, Lee G, Kim MJ et al (2020) Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistor-based biosensor. ACS Nano 14:5135–5142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02823
Shang J, Ye G, Shi K et al (2020) Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581:221–224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y
Shen M, Zhou Y, Ye J et al (2020) Recent advances and perspectives of nucleic acid detection for coronavirus. J Pharm Anal 10:97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.02.010
Siddiquie RY, Agrawal A, Joshi SS (2020) Surface alterations to impart antiviral properties to combat COVID-19 transmission. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-020-00096-9
Siuzdak K, Niedziałkowski P, Sobaszek M et al (2019) Biomolecular influenza virus detection based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using the nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes with covalently bound antibodies. Sensors Actuators B Chem 280:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.005
Speshock JL, Murdock RC, Braydich-Stolle LK et al (2010) Interaction of silver nanoparticles with Tacaribe virus. J Nanobiotechnol 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-8-19
Sportelli MC, Izzi M, Kukushkina EA et al (2020) Can nanotechnology and materials science help the fight against sars-cov-2? Nanomaterials 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040802
Stadler K, Masignani V, Eickmann M et al (2003) SARS —beginning to understand a new virus. Nat Rev Microbiol 1:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro775
Su Jen Chou HMT (2005) Mask having antivirus and anti-germ effect. United States Pat Appl Publ 1:6–9
Su S, Wong G, Shi W et al (2016) Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 24:490–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
Sudipta Seal GP (2020) Anti-viral surface coating to prevent the spread of COVID-19 through touch. PCI Magazine
Sunada K, Minoshima M, Hashimoto K (2012) Highly efficient antiviral and antibacterial activities of solid-state cuprous compounds. J Hazard Mater 235–236:265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.052
Thi H, Thai C, Le MQ et al (2004) Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection. J Clin Microbiol 42:1956–1961. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.5.1956
Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN et al (2020) Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano 14:3822–3835. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02624
Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA et al (2020) Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 181:281–292.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S (2005) Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:635–664. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005
Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS et al (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367:1260–1263. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0902
Xiang D-x, Chen Q, Pang L, Zheng C-l (2011) Inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on H1N1 influenza A virus in vitro. J Virol Methods 178:137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.003
Xie X (2020) Chest CT for typical COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.81.12.21
Xu J, Jia W, Wang P et al (2019a) Antibodies and vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerg Microbes Infect 8:841–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2019.1624482
Xu M, Ye J, Yang D et al (2019b) Ultrasensitive detection of miRNA via one-step rolling circle-quantitative PCR (RC-qPCR). Anal Chim Acta 1077:208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.028
Yang A, Cai L, Zhang R et al (2017) Thermal management in nanofiber-based face mask. Nano Lett 17:3506–3510. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00579
Yonesi M, Rezazadeh A (2020) Plantas as a prospective source of natural antiviral compounds and oral vaccines against COVID-19 coronavirus. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0321.v1
Yu Y, Bu F, Zhou H et al (2020) Biosafety materials: an emerging new research direction of materials science from COVID-19 outbreak. Mater Chem Front. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00255k
Zhang Y, Odiwuor N, Xiong J et al (2020) Rapid molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA using colorimetric LAMP. medRxiv 2:2020.02.26.20028373. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028373
Zhao VXT, Wong TI, Zheng XT et al (2020) Colorimetric biosensors for point-of-care virus detections. Mater Sci Energy Technol 3:237–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.10.002
Zhong H, Zhu Z, Lin J et al (2020) Reusable and recyclable graphene masks with outstanding superhydrophobic and photothermal performances. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02250
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al (2020) Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952. Now published in Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zhu X,Wang X, Han L, Chen T, Wang L (2020a) Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with nanoparticles-based biosensor for diagnosis of COVID-19. medRXiv
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al (2020b) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Zou Z, Yao M (2015) Airflow resistance and bio-filtering performance of carbon nanotube filters and current facepiece respirators. J Aerosol Sci 79:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.10.003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kushwaha, A.K., Kalita, H., Bhardwaj, A., Suman, S., Dehingia, B., Mishra, R.K. (2020). Application of Nanotechnology in Detection and Prevention of COVID-19. In: Goyal, M.K., Gupta, A.K. (eds) Integrated Risk of Pandemic: Covid-19 Impacts, Resilience and Recommendations. Disaster Resilience and Green Growth. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7679-9_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7679-9_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-7678-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-7679-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)