Incorporation of Distributed Generation Resources for Three-Area Load Frequency Control Optimized Tilted Integral Derivative Controller

Abstract

This document presents the execution of distributed generation (DG) resources in case of load frequency control (LFC) for three-area multi-source power systems. The DG system by way of a well-coordinated control can significantly progress the stability of the system frequency. Tilted integral derivative (TID) controller is projected here for controlling the objective function. Dynamics values are compared between the differential evolution particle swarm optimization (DEPSO) and teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) techniques using TID controller using MATLAB/SIMULINK through numerous simulations. TLBO based three-area system outperforms the DEPSO base system. The system dynamics are enhanced by using DC link to this existing alternating current tie line.

Appendix

Subscript referred to area ($i$) = 1, 2 and 3.

Nominal system frequency f = 60 Hz; Steam turbine time constant ($T_{{{\text{ti}}}}$) = 0.3 s; reheater time constant and gain ($T_{{{\text{ri}}}}$) and ($K_{{{\text{ri}}}}$) = 10 s and 0.5; generator gain ($K_{{{\text{pi}}}}$) = 120 Hz/pu MW; time constant ($T_{{{\text{pi}}}}$) = 20 s; Tie-line interchange ($T_{{{\text{ij}}}}$ MW/rad) = 0.086 pu; inertia constant ($H_{i}$) = 5 s;

Speed regulation parameter ($R_{i}$) = 2.4 pu Hz/MW; bias coefficient ($B_{i}$) = 0.425 pu MW/Hz;

Gain of Wind turbine generator ($K_{{{\text{WTG}}}}$); AE ($K_{{{\text{AE}}}}$);

FC ($K_{{{\text{FC}}}}$); DEG ($K_{{{\text{DEG}}}}$) and BESS ($K_{{{\text{BESS}}}}$) are = 1; 0.002; 0.01; 0.0003 and −0.0003 respectively.

Time constant of wind turbine generator ($T_{{{\text{WTG}}}}$); AE ($T_{{{\text{AE}}}} )$); FC ($T_{{{\text{FC}}}}$); DEG ($T_{{{\text{DEG}}}}$); BESS ($K_{{{\text{BESS}}}}$) are 1.5 s, s; 0.5 s; 4 s; 2.0 s and 0.1 s respectively.

Starting time of hydro ($T_{{\text{w}}}$) = 1 s; HVDC link gain and time constant of HVDC ($K_{{\text{hvdc }}} \;{\text{and}}\;T_{{{\text{hvdc}}}}$) are 1.1 and 0.2 s; Gains of electric governor $K_{p} ,K_{i}$,$K_{d}$ = are 1.5 and 4.