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Organic Sources and Tillage Practices for Soil Management

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Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture

Abstract

Soil is the most valued natural resource, which needs to be used until the existence of the world for our food production. There is a limited option to bring new land under crop cultivation. The finite land resource is decreasing continuously due to a new settlement, industrial, and other development activities. Intensive agriculture ensured food security, which, however, exerts huge pressure on arable land through increased frequency of crop cultivation, repeated tillage, and indiscriminate use of unbalanced agrochemicals. The resultant effects of long-term intensive agriculture are the depletion of organic matter (OM) and degradation of soils, which attributes to lower use efficiencies of agricultural inputs. It is anticipated that 60% more yields of cereals will be needed by 2050 contrasted with the current level. Because of poor soil health, it has become a great challenge to keep increased food production onwards. If the productive capacity of soils could not be maintained, the present civilization must be collapsed. Therefore, the soil needs to be kept alive by adding locally available organic amendments and adopting conservation tillage practices. Soil carbon (C) is the fuel and driving force of ecosystem functions. Application of organic amendments increases soil C, builds soil structure, enriches biological diversity, and contributes to reducing inorganic fertilizers in crop production. Rice straw is the most available residue in many countries of the world, which increases soil aggregate stability, organic C, and cation exchange capacity by 27.8, 45.5, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to sole inorganic fertilizer application. Poultry manure and cow dung were found effective to reduce soil acidity, which depends on the rates and frequency of their application. Conservation tillage like no-till, reduced tillage, and strip-tillage, etc. diminishes mineralization of OM and increases C accumulation in soil. No-till with residue retention has global demand, which is one of the best options of increasing soil C. No-till system alone can save about 70% energy and fuel consumption compared to traditional tillage. Rotation of crops, retention of residues, and adoption of other suitable resource conservation strategies further ensure good soil health and its productive capacity. The combined adoption of organic amendments and conservation tillage can revitalize degraded soils and bring multiple benefits including agricultural sustainability and mitigation of climate change.

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Abbreviations

AEC:

Anion exchange capacity

Al:

Aluminum

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

B:

Boron

BNF:

Biological nitrogen fixation

BSMRAU:

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

C:

Carbon

Ca:

Calcium

CA:

Conservation agriculture

CaCO3:

Calcium carbonate

cc:

Cubic centimetre

CD:

Cow dung

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

CFU:

Colony forming units

CH4:

Methane

Cl:

Chlorine

Co:

Cobalt

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

CP:

Compost

Cu:

Copper

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

Fe:

Iron

FRG:

Fertilizer recommendation guide

FYM:

Farmyard manure

g cc−1:

Grams per cubic centimetre

g kg−1:

Grams per kilogram

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GM:

Green manure

H:

Hydrogen

H2PO4−:

Phosphate

HCO3−:

Bicarbonate

K:

Potassium

mg kg−1:

Milligrams per kilogram

Mg:

Magnesium

mm:

Millimetre

Mn:

Manganese

Mo:

Molybdenum

MT:

Minimum tillage

N:

Nitrogen

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

Na:

Sodium

NH4+:

Ammonium

Ni:

Nickel

NO2−:

Nitrite

NO3−:

Nitrate

NUE:

Nitrogen use efficiency

O:

Oxygen

OC:

Organic carbon

OH−:

Hydroxide

OM:

Organic matter

P:

Phosphorus

Pg:

Peta gram

PGPF:

Plant growth promoting fungi

PGPM:

Plant growth promoting microbes

PGPR:

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

PM:

Poultry manure

RHB:

Rice husk biochar

RS:

Rice straw

RT:

Reduced tillage

S:

Sulphur

SDGs:

Sustainable development goals

Si:

Silicon

SO4−2:

Sulphate

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

ST:

Strip tillage

t ha−1:

Ton per hectare

TT:

Traditional tillage

UN:

United Nations

Va:

Vanadium

VC:

Vermicompost

WHC:

Water holding capacity

Zn:

Zinc

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  1. Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Md Mizanur Rahman, Mohammad Saiful Alam, Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal & G. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman

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  1. Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sandeep Kumar

  2. Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

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Rahman, M.M., Alam, M.S., Kamal, M.Z.U., Rahman, G.K.M.M. (2020). Organic Sources and Tillage Practices for Soil Management. In: Kumar, S., Meena, R.S., Jhariya, M.K. (eds) Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6953-1_9

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