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The Interplay Between Exosomes and Spermatozoa

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Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the membrane-bound vesicles found in the majority of body fluids. They play an imperative role in intracellular communications. EVs, such as exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), contain different functional molecules, including lipids, nucleic acids (microRNA, mRNA, and DNAs), and proteins. These functional molecules upon attachment with the target cells result in different phenotypic and functional modifications, ultimately affecting adhesiveness, regeneration, resistance to external factors, and viability. Different in vitro research trials have been conducted in the past to exploit the therapeutic potential of EVs. EVs are secreted in the different segments of the reproductive tract (male and female), including epididymosomes, prostasomes, uterosomes, and oviductosomes. EVs associated with the reproductive system share structural similarities with exosomes and MVs. Spermatozoa interact with these vesicles during their passage through the reproductive system. This spermatozoa-vesicle interaction is considered to be crucial for the proper functioning of spermatozoa. These vesicles contribute molecules necessary for different physiological events such as maturation, motility acquisition, activation, protection, capacitation, acrosomal reaction, and fertilization. Recently, in vitro exosomal treatment of spermatozoa has been reported to improve the quality of both cooled and frozen spermatozoa. In conclusion, the EVs secreted in the reproductive system are associated with the acquisition of different functions of spermatozoa, a prerequisite for fertility.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin converting enzyme

ADAM:

A disintegrin metalloproteases

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

ALH:

Amplitude of lateral head displacement

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CAT-D:

Cathepsin D

CD52/HE5:

Cluster of differentiation 52 (epididymal sperm binding protein 5)

ELSPBP1:

Epididymal sperm binding protein 1

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

GAPR-1/GLIPR2:

Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis-related protein 1

GDP:

Guanosine diphosphate

GGT:

γ-Glutamyltransferase

GPI:

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol

GPR1L1:

Glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1

GPX5:

Glutathione peroxidase 5

Grp 78:

Glucose-regulated protein 78

HSP70:

Heat shock protein 70

HSP90:

Heat shock protein 90

HSPA8:

Heat shock protein A8

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MIF:

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor

MVDP:

Mouse vas deferens protein

MVE:

Multivesicular endosomes

MVs:

Microvesicles

OVGP:

Oviduct-specific glycoprotein

PAP:

Prostatic acid phosphatase (protein-specific protein)

PAS6/7:

Lactadherin

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PMCA4:

Plasma membrane Ca ATPase 4

Ppfia3:

Liprin alpha 3

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

PSCA:

Prostate stem cell antigen

ROMO1 :

ROS modulator gene

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPAM1/PH20:

Sperm adhesion molecule 1

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TMPRSS2:

Type 2 transmembrane serine protease

UBC:

Ubiquitin

ZP:

Zona pellucida

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support of everyone in the publication team, especially the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. We also extend our gratitude to the copyright authorities for their positive response to our permission request to use different figures. In addition, we also acknowledge the funding agency “Cooperative research program of RDA (CCAR, grant numbers grant numbers PJ013954012019 and PJ014786012020)” for funding our lab work related to dog semen and exosomes.

Disclosure of interests: All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval: All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Study related to dog semen and exosomes (both published and unpublished work) conducted by Qamar et al. (2019) was performed in accordance with the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” at Seoul National University (approval no. SNU-180731-2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Ahmad Yar Qamar, Xun Fang, Seonggyu Bang & Jongki Cho

  2. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Ahmad Yar Qamar

  3. Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Feriel Yasmine Mahiddine & Min Jung Kim

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Correspondence to Jongki Cho .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, ESC Research Unit, Faculty of Science King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Faisal A. Alzahrani

  2. Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Islam M. Saadeldin

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Qamar, A.Y., Fang, X., Bang, S., Mahiddine, F.Y., Kim, M.J., Cho, J. (2021). The Interplay Between Exosomes and Spermatozoa. In: Alzahrani, F.A., Saadeldin, I.M. (eds) Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6599-1_5

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