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Exosomes in Drug Delivery

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Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems

Abstract

A tremendous number of therapeutic molecules and vaccines have been generated in the last few decades. This level of production necessitates an effective and safe drug delivery system (DDS). Designing a DDS for the specific targeting of organs and for passing through the blood-brain barrier remains a challenge. Several drug carriers have been tested, such as silver- and gold-coated nanoparticles, liposomes and exosomes. Among these, exosomes have received much attention due to their natural composition, outstanding safety and efficient crossing of the blood-brain barrier. A considerable number of studies, including clinical trials, have described the use of exosomes as vehicles for several drug constituents, such as proteins, small molecules, ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Despite great accomplishments in the application of exosomes, many challenges, such as induced cytotoxicity, undesired interactions and the production of sufficient quantities for clinical use require further research. In the current chapter, a number of issues regarding the use of exosomes for drug delivery are discussed. The composition, characterization and functions of exosomes are reviewed. We focus on exosomes as vehicles for delivering different drug molecules. In addition, the major advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of exosomes as therapeutic drug vehicles are addressed.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BACE1:

Beta-secretase 1

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

C1C2:

Claudin-1 derived peptide

cDNA:

Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid

CPP:

Cell-penetrating peptide

DDS:

Drug delivery system

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

GM3:

Monosialodihexosylganglioside

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

HMG-17:

High-mobility group protein 17

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

ISEV:

International Society for Extracellular Vesicles

Lamp2b-IL3:

Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2b-interlukin 3

LDHB:

Lactate dehydrogenase B

LT:

Leukotriene

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA:

MicroRNA

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MVBs:

Multivesicular bodies

ng:

Nanogram

nm:

Nanometer

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

Rab:

Ras-related protein

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

siRNA:

Small interfering ribonucleic acid

SM:

Sphingomyelin

TEXs:

Tumour-derived exosomes

TSG101:

Tumour susceptibility gene 101

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

We thank the editors for their support.

Compliance with Ethical Standards: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Disclosure of Interests: All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre for Pharmaceutical Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Fahad A. Almughem & Abdullah A. Alshehri

  2. National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad N. Alomary

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  1. Fahad A. Almughem
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  2. Abdullah A. Alshehri
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  3. Mohammad N. Alomary
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Correspondence to Mohammad N. Alomary .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, ESC Research Unit, Faculty of Science King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Faisal A. Alzahrani

  2. Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Islam M. Saadeldin

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Almughem, F.A., Alshehri, A.A., Alomary, M.N. (2021). Exosomes in Drug Delivery. In: Alzahrani, F.A., Saadeldin, I.M. (eds) Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6599-1_17

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