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Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers for Liver Disease

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Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems

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Abstract

The accumulated evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in the organs of multicellular organisms (Raposo and Stahl, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20:509-510, 2019). This includes the various EVs that are secreted by liver cells of all forms (Royo and Falcon-Perez, J Extracell Vesicles 1:18825, 2012). The liver is a complex organ that is home to a diverse mixture of cells, such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), and Kupffer cells, in addition to a diverse immune cell repertoire. Similar to the vesicles secreted by other tissues of the body, EVs of the liver are divided according to size into three main types, namely microvesicles (MVs), exosomes (EXOs), and apoptotic bodies, among whom there has been an increased interest in EXOs and MVs, which can be attributed to their clear specifications, contents, and well-studied biomarkers (Van Niel et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19:213, 2018). Hepatocytes secrete EXOs and MVs, and their production may change in a quantitative and qualitative manner in response to cell stimulation and under various pathological conditions (Szabo and Momen-Heravi, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:455, 2017). Thus, studying the pathophysiological role of the EVs secreted from all types of liver cells is essential for the management of acute and chronic liver disease (Szabo and Momen-Heravi, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:455, 2017).

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Abbreviations

ALRDs:

Alcohol-related liver diseases

APAP:

Acetaminophen

DCF:

Diclofenac

DILI:

Drug-induced liver injury

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

EXOs:

Exosomes

GalN:

Galactosamine

HCC:

Hepatocellular cancer

MVs:

Microvesicles

SECs:

Sinusoidal endothelial cells

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Disclosure of Interests: The author declares no conflict of interest with this work.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by the author. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by the author.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, ESC Research Unit, Faculty of Science, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Faisal Abdulrahman Alzahrani

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Correspondence to Faisal Abdulrahman Alzahrani .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, ESC Research Unit, Faculty of Science King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Faisal A. Alzahrani

  2. Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Islam M. Saadeldin

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Alzahrani, F.A. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers for Liver Disease. In: Alzahrani, F.A., Saadeldin, I.M. (eds) Role of Exosomes in Biological Communication Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6599-1_11

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