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From Arcadia to Plotlands

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Paradoxical Urbanism
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Abstract

This chapter traces the evolution of an Arcadian myth from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries. It begins in Port Sunlight, a model industrial village in Merseyside built in the 1900s, which evokes a dream of rural community enabled by enlightened paternalism. But that dream began as an aristocratic retreat from court life in Elizabethan England, at the Earl of Pembroke’s estate at Wilton where Philip Sydney wrote his poem Arcadia (1588). The chapter moves to the eighteenth-century English landscaped park, taking Rousham, Oxfordshire as an example; and the Garden City movement of the 1900s, then a grass-roots pastoralism in working-class rambling, and in rural and coastal settlements (plotlands).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Building News (1899) vol. 76, p. 60, quoted, Hubbard, E. and Shippobottom, M., A Guide to Port Sunlight, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, p. 41 [no original author/title given].

  2. 2.

    Lever, W.H. [1907] (2005) Visit of International Housing Conference to Port Sunlight, pamphlet, pp. 10–11, quoted, Hubbard and Shippobottom, Guide to Port Sunlight, pp. 19, 24.

  3. 3.

    Hubbard and Shippobottom, Guide to Port Sunlight, p. 51.

  4. 4.

    Tennyson, A. [1835–42] (n.d. c. 1900) The Poetical Works, intro. Waugh, A., London, Collins, p. 141.

  5. 5.

    Bournville Estate, (n.d. c. 1945) Sixty Years of Planning: The Bournville Experiment, Bournville, Bournville Estate, pp. 24–25.

  6. 6.

    Jolly, W.P. (1976) Lord Leverhulme, a Biography, London, Constable, pp. 80–81.

  7. 7.

    Liversidge, M., J. H. (1997) ‘Virgil in Art,’ Martindale, C., ed., Cambridge Companion to Virgil, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 99.

  8. 8.

    Nicholson, A.,2(008) Arcadia: The Dream of Perfection in Renaissance England, London, Harper, p. 1.

  9. 9.

    Duncan-Jones, K. (2008) Introduction, Sidney, P., [1580] The Old Arcadia, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. xiv.

  10. 10.

    Duncan-Jones, The Old Arcadia, p. xiii.

  11. 11.

    Sidney, The Old Arcadia, p. 4.

  12. 12.

    Sidney, The Old Arcadia, p. 4.

  13. 13.

    Sidney, The Old Arcadia, p. 11.

  14. 14.

    Nicholson, Arcadia, p. 1.

  15. 15.

    Nicholson, Arcadia, p. 14.

  16. 16.

    Nicholson, Arcadia, p. 36.

  17. 17.

    Nicholson, Arcadia, p. 68.

  18. 18.

    Hill, J. (2016) A Landscape of Architecture, History and Fiction, London, Routledge, p. 45.

  19. 19.

    Coke, T.W., quoted in Porter, R. (1991) English Society in the Eighteenth Century, London, Penguin, p. 60, cited in Hill, A Landscape of Architecture, p. 80 [no original source given].

  20. 20.

    Illustrated, Hill, A Landscape of Architecture, pp. 78–79.

  21. 21.

    Hill, A Landscape of Architecture, p. 61.

  22. 22.

    Colonna, F. [1499] (1999) Hypnerotmachia Poliphili, The Strife of Love in a Dreame, trans. Godwin, J., London, Thames and Hudson.

  23. 23.

    Daniels, S. (1993) Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States, Cambridge, Polity, p. 80.

  24. 24.

    Daniels, Fields of Vision, p. 82.

  25. 25.

    Daniels, Fields of Vision, p. 98.

  26. 26.

    Pugh, S. (1998) Garden, Nature, Language, Manchester, Manchester University Press, p. 35.

  27. 27.

    Woodward, C. (2002) In Ruins, London, Vintage, p. 121.

  28. 28.

    Pugh, Garden, Nature, Language, pp. 21–22.

  29. 29.

    Pugh, Garden, Nature, Language, p. 57.

  30. 30.

    Darley, G. [1975] (2007) Villages of Vision: A Study of Strange Utopias, Nottingham, Five Leaves, p. 15.

  31. 31.

    Darley, Villages of Vision, p. 17.

  32. 32.

    Darley, Villages of Vision, p. 27 [no source given].

  33. 33.

    Hall, P. and Ward, C. (1998) Sociable Cities: The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard, Chichester, Wiley.

  34. 34.

    Howard, E., [c. 1900] unpublished article for Contemporary Review, quoted in Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, p. 21, citing Beevers, R. (1988) The Garden City Utopia, London, Macmillan, p. 80.

  35. 35.

    Illustrated, Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, p. 18.

  36. 36.

    Howard, E. (1898) Tomorrow! A Beautiful Path to Real Reform, London, Swan Sonnenschein, p. 5, quoted in Hall and Ward, Sociable Cities, p. 18.

  37. 37.

    Judge, T. (2014) Gardens of Eden: British Socialism in the Open Air 1890–1939, London, Alpha House, p. 63.

  38. 38.

    Sloterdijk, P. [2005] (2013) In the World Interior of Capital, Cambridge, Polity, p. 170.

  39. 39.

    Sloterdijk, In the World Interior of Capital, p. 171.

  40. 40.

    Darley, Villages of Vision, p. 143.

  41. 41.

    Proceedings of the Countryside and Footpaths Preservation Conference 1928, quoted in Matless, D. (1998) Landscape and Englishness, London, Reaktion, p. 54; 294, n. 140.

  42. 42.

    Matless, Landscape and Englishness, p. 54.

  43. 43.

    Judge, Gardens of Eden, p. 93.

  44. 44.

    Illustrated, Ross, C. with Bennett, O. (2015) Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift, London, Philip Wilson, p. 40.

  45. 45.

    Ross and Bennett, Designing Utopia, p. 43.

  46. 46.

    Judge, Gardens of Eden, p. 45.

  47. 47.

    Hardy, D. and Ward, C. (1984) Arcadia for All: The Legacy of a Makeshift Landscape, Nottingham, Five Leaves, pp. 11–12.

  48. 48.

    Hardy and Ward, Arcadia for All, p. 17.

  49. 49.

    Hardy and Ward, Arcadia for All, p. 25.

  50. 50.

    Hardy and Ward, Arcadia for All, p. 60.

  51. 51.

    Hardy and Ward, Arcadia for All, p. 76.

  52. 52.

    Hardy and Ward, Arcadia for All, p. 83.

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Miles, M. (2021). From Arcadia to Plotlands. In: Paradoxical Urbanism. Palgrave Pivot, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6341-6_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6341-6_2

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