Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Response of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine in Liquefied Soil

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Geohazards

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 86))

Abstract

Offshore wind turbines (OWT) are the potential source of renewable energy. Monopile is a common choice as foundation for OWT, since this type of foundation has proved to be economical at shallow water depth and is designed for 25–30 years. These structures are designed as soft–stiff approach, where the fundamental frequency of soil–monopile–tower system is placed between the rotor frequency (1P) and blade passing frequency (3P for 3 bladed turbines). Design guidelines suggest that the fundamental frequency of the OWT system shall be at least 10% away from the 1P and 3P frequencies. Previous studies mostly focus on the behaviour of these structures under long-term cyclic loads. Limited studies are available on the behaviour of OWT structures in liquefied soil when subjected to earthquake loading. Soil surrounding the monopile may liquefy during earthquake which affects the dynamic response of OWT structures. In this study, dynamic behaviour of OWT structure in a liquefied soil is examined using numerical model in open-source code, OpenSees with aid of OpenSeePL. In this study, monopile is embedded in saturated silty sand with 60 m depth soil profile is considered. Spectrum consistent strong motion accelerogram is generated for various earthquake moment magnitudes. The dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain, and response of the OWT system is examined for various diameter and length of monopile, and magnitude of earthquake. Finally, design implications are suggested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abhinav KA, Saha N (2017) Dynamic analysis of monopile supported offshore wind turbines. Proc Inst Civ Eng-Geotech Eng 170(5):428–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amini F, Qi GZ (2000) Liquefaction testing of stratified silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(3):208–217

    Google Scholar 

  • API-RP-2GEO (2011) Geotechnical and foundation design considerations. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bathe KJ (2007) Conserving energy and momentum in nonlinear dynamics: a simple implicit time integration scheme. Comput Struct 85:437–445

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Beaty MH, Byrne PM (2011) UBCSAND constitutive model version 904aR. Itasca UDM Web Site, p 69

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya S, Lombardi D, Wood DM (2011) Similitude relationships for physical modelling of monopile-supported offshore wind turbines. Int J Phys Model Geotech 11:58–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya S, Nikitas N, Garnsey J, Alexander NA, Cox J, Lombardi D, Wood DM, Nash DF (2013) Observed dynamic soil–structure interaction in scale testing of offshore wind turbine foundations. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 54:47–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson N, Miller K (1998) Design and application of a gradient-weighted moving finite element code I: in one dimension. SIAM J Sci Comput 19(3):728–765

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cox J, Jones C (2011) Long term performance of suction caisson supported offshore wind turbines. Struct Eng 89(19):12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Bhattacharya S (2016) Soil–monopile interactions for offshore wind turbines. Proc Inst Civ Eng-Eng Comput Mech 169(4):171–182

    Google Scholar 

  • DNVGL-ST-0126 (2016) Design of offshore wind turbine structures. DET NORSKE VERITAS

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgamal A, Yang Z, Parra E, Ragheb A (2003) Modeling of cyclic mobility in saturated cohesionless soils. Int J Plast 19(6):883–905

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Finn WL, Martin GR (1980) Offshore pile foundations in sand under earthquake loading. Appl Ocean Res 2(2):81–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulhati SK (1989) Geotechnical aspects of the Indian offshore environment

    Google Scholar 

  • GWEC (2012) Indian wind energy outlook. Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Musial W, Scott G (2009) Definition of a 5-MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development No. NREL/TP-500-38060. National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), Golden, CO, United States

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. In: Prentice-Hall international series in civil engineering and engineering mechanics. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc C (2009) Design of offshore wind turbine support structures. Doctor of Philosophy, Technical University of Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi D (2010) Dynamics of offshore wind turbines. M.Sc. thesis. U.K: University of Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi D, Bhattacharya S (2016) Evaluation of seismic performance of pile‐supported models in liquefiable soils. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 49, 45(6):1019–1038

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi D, Bhattacharya S, Wood DM (2013) Dynamic soil–structure interaction of monopile supported wind turbines in cohesive soil. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 49:165–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J (2006) Parallel finite element modeling of earthquake site response and liquefaction. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Fenves GL (2006) Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees) user manual. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley. https://opensees.berkeley.edu/.

  • McKenna F, Scott M, Fenves G (2010) Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition. J Comput Civ Eng 24(1):95–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parra E (1996) Numerical modeling of liquefaction and lateral ground deformation including cyclic mobility and dilation response in soil systems. Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevost JH (1978) Plasticity theory for soil stress-strain behavior. ASCE J Eng Mech Div 104(5):1177–1194

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevost JH (1985) A simple plasticity theory for frictional cohesionless soils. Int J Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 4(1):9–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Risi DR, Bhattacharya S, Goda K (2018) Seismic performance assessment of monopile-supported offshore wind turbines using unscaled natural earthquake records. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 109:154–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Yang X, Zeng X (2017) Seismic centrifuge modelling of suction bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine. Renew Energy 114:1013–1022

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Elgamal A (2002) Influence of permeability on liquefaction-induced shear deformation. J Eng Mech 128(7):720–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Lu J, Elgamal A (2008) OpenSees soil models and solid-fluid fully coupled elements user manual. University of California, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaaijer MB (2006) Foundation modelling to assess dynamic behaviour of offshore wind turbines. Appl Ocean Res 28(1):45–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Xiong K, Ding H, Le C (2014) Anti-liquefaction characteristics of composite bucket foundations for offshore wind turbines. J Renew Sustain Energy 6(5):053102

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng XY, Li H, Rong W, Li W (2015) Joint earthquake and wave action on the monopile wind turbine foundation: an experimental study. Mar Struct 44:125–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India

    Sangeet Kumar Patra & Sumanta Haldar

Authors
  1. Sangeet Kumar Patra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sumanta Haldar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sumanta Haldar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Madhavi Latha Gali

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    P. Raghuveer Rao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Patra, S.K., Haldar, S. (2021). Response of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine in Liquefied Soil. In: Latha Gali, M., Raghuveer Rao, P. (eds) Geohazards. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 86. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6233-4_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6233-4_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-6232-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-6233-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation