Abstract
Culture lies at the centre of the distinctiveness of overseas territories—from Greenland to Gibraltar, American Samoa to French Polynesia—to the metropolitan states of which they form a part. Colonialism and the presence of indigenous, settler and diasporic populations from different parts of the world often have created rich cultural mixtures, particularly evident in the Creole islands of the Caribbean and in the Indian Ocean. Local languages or dialects, religion, ancestral traditions and ceremonies, and particularly ethnicity, set their residents apart from compatriots in Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States or France. Globalisation, education, migration, secularism and internet connectivity have challenged age-old differences in belief and behaviour, and some old practices have become anachronistic or unsustainable. Hybrid societies now blend cultures, and individuals possess multiple identities, though to varying degrees and with asymmetries between the local, national and international. Colonial-era impositions (such as Christianity) have long become ‘indigenised’ in the Caribbean and Oceania, and European languages have served as linguae francae in New Caledonia and French Guiana. Individuals and societies adopt and adapt new forms of culture, yet old ones endure: Islam as the majority faith in Mayotte, ‘custom’ in New Caledonia, Polynesian dancing and tattooing, whale-hunting in the Faroes, Carnival in the Caribbean. Indeed, recent years have seen both a resurgence in particularistic cultural practices and a greater recognition by metropolitan states of cultural autonomy in the overseas territories. Yet the personal and collective affirmation of cultural specificities have been increasingly decoupled from demands for independence. Cultural issues nevertheless remain areas for political contestation and negotiation, especially with divergent attitudes to such questions as marriage equality and other human rights concerns, ‘belonger’ status, the legacies of slavery and metropolitan political intervention.
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Connell, J., Aldrich, R. (2020). Identity, Culture and Politics. In: The Ends of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5905-1_3
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