The authors have retracted this Chapter because significant portions of the text are duplicated from [1] and [2]. The authors apologise to readers for this error. All authors agree with this retraction.

  1. 1.

    Blei DM. Probabilistic Topic Models. Communications of the ACM, April 2012, Vol. 55 No. 4, Pages 77–84, 10.1145/2133806.2133826

  2. 2.

    Le Quoc and Tomas Mikolov. Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 32(2):1188–1196, 2014