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Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Angiogenesis

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Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies

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Abstract

Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process of formation of new blood vessel from preexisting blood vessel during fetal development, ovulation, and wound healing. Tumor growth and maintenance are critically controlled by tumor angiogenesis by facilitating the ingress of tumor cells into the circulatory system and in turn metastatic spread of the tumor. Apart from self-renewal and proliferating capabilities, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are also involved in tumor angiogenesis. CSCs establish a vascular niche by expressing vascular-related mediators to induce neovascularity around tumors. Developing antiangiogenic agents that also targets CSCs and evaluating its effect on a three-dimensional (3D) angiogenesis spheroid model are significant cancer therapeutic measures as the interactions between niche and CSCs and the heterogeneity can be understood better by using 3D spheroid. Furthermore exploiting the antiangiogenic effect of phytochemicals is beneficial over other available conventional drugs as they have relative pharmacological safety and target multiple molecular pathways to exert its anticancer effect.

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Abbreviations

ABCG-2:

ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2

ALK1:

Activin A receptor-like type 1

BM:

Basement membrane

BMP:

Bone morphogenic proteins

BMPR:

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CSC:

Cancer stem cell

EC:

Endothelial cell

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

EPC:

Endothelial progenitor cell

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

LGR5:

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5

MVD:

Microvessel density

PD-ECGF:

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor 1

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

SDF-1:

Stromal cell-derived factor 1

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR-2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by DST-SERB-ECR Grant (DST No: ECR/2015/000265).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sambhavi Bhagavatheeswaran & Anandan Balakrishnan

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  1. Sambhavi Bhagavatheeswaran
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  2. Anandan Balakrishnan
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Surajit Pathak

  2. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Antara Banerjee

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Bhagavatheeswaran, S., Balakrishnan, A. (2020). Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Angiogenesis. In: Pathak, S., Banerjee, A. (eds) Cancer Stem Cells: New Horizons in Cancer Therapies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5120-8_11

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