Skip to main content
  • 807 Accesses

Abstract

Changes in technology and understanding are giving new options for the design and manufacture of energetic formulations, whether they are explosives or propellants. It is now possible to approach the problem of matching formulation to desired characteristics in a systematic manner. This approach can cover all aspects from conception to disposal and includes performance optimization. This chapter will discuss and illustrate this: beginning with the use of predictive modeling, based on known properties both of ingredients and of the required output, and also consider its use for the design of novel ingredients to support synthesis research. The options for the physical nature of the ingredients; size, shape, crystal habit, polymorph, etc., and the ways of treating these for use will also be discussed. Composition design follows from this together with the understanding and management of both ingredient and composition characteristics. The ability to design for safety and life will also be discussed as will the need for reduced and managed environmental impact throughout that life. This should include awareness of environmental impact in use and disposal. Finally, the approaches to processing will be considered. The aim is to argue that such an integrated approach is the most cost-effective and productive method of formulating for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Behrens R, Swanson RL (2007) A new paradigm for R&D to implement new energetic materials in munitions. In: 2007 insensitive munitions & energetic materials technology symposium, October 2007

    Google Scholar 

  2. Koepnick B et al (2019) Nature 570:390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Panchal JH, Choi H-J, Allen JK, McDowell DL (2007) A systems-based approach for integrated design of materials, products and design process chains. J Comput Aided Mater Design 14:265–293

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sakovich GV (1995) Design principles of advanced solid propellants. J Propuls Power 4:830–837

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sweirk T (2019) IM Hazards modeling & simulation—an international collaboration, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wenbo Yu, A D. MacKerell, Jr.; Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods; Methods Mol Biol. 2017; 1520: 85–106

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sućeska M (2004) Calculation of detonation parameters by EXPLO5 computer program. Mater Sci Forum 465–466:325–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Suceska M (2016) Prediction of performance of explosives by thermochemical calculations–recent advances. In: Proceedings of GSEBS 2016, Bucharest

    Google Scholar 

  9. Surabhi S, Singh BK (2018) Computer aided drug design–an overview, September 2018, https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1894

  10. Michalchuk AAL, Trestman M, Rudić S, Portius P, Fincham PT, Pulham CR, Morrison CA (2019) Predicting the reactivity of energetic materials: an ab initio multiphonon approach. J Mater Chem A, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06209b

  11. Sauer M, Durr N, Lueck M, Nixon ME, Koundinyan S, Diggs A, Schmidt M, Koch M (2019) Comparison of software codes and discretization schemes for mesoscale simulation of dynamic mechanical loading of PBX. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  12. Scholtes G (2019) An Improved shock model for covered explosives taking into account projectile and barrier material variations, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  13. Agrawal JP (2010) High energy materials, Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ferreira C, Friere F, Riberio J (2019) Overview of REACH regulation and its implications for the military sector. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bohnlein-Mauss J, Krober H (2017) The REACH impact on gun propellant formulation. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 42:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Agrawal JP, Hodgson RD (2007) Organic chemistry of explosives. Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  17. Alliod C, Chemelle J-A, Jacob G, Terreux R (2017) Ames test prediction on high energy molecules by on-the-fly QSAR. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 42:24–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ferreira C, Friere F, Riberio J (2019) Environmental assessment of military systems with LCA methodology. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  19. Porter D, Gould PJ (2006) A general equation of state for polymeric materials. J de Phys IV France 134:373–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kennedy SR, Pulham CR (2018) Monographs in supramolecular chemistry no. 24 co-crystals: preparation, characterization and applications. In: Co-crystallization of energetic materials. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018

    Google Scholar 

  21. Millar DIA, Maynard-Casely HE, Allan DR, Cumming AS, Lennie AR, Mackay AJ, Oswald IDH, Tang CC, Pulham CR (2012) Crystal engineering of energetic materials: Co-crystals of CL-20. CrystEngComm, 10

    Google Scholar 

  22. Andrews M, Collet C, Wolff A, Hollands C (2019) Resonant acoustic mixing; processing and safety. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  23. Daniel M, Hart A, Provatas A (2017) Transformative energetics: a pathway to next generation munitions. In: Proceedings of Parari 2017

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bernstein J, (2010) Polymorphism of high energy materials. Oxford Scholarship, January 2010

    Google Scholar 

  25. Davidson AJ, Oswald IDH, Francis DJ, Lennie AR, Marshall WG, Millar DIA, Pulham CR, Warren JE, Cumming AS (2008) Explosives under pressure—the crystal structure of γ-RDX as determined by high-pressure X-ray and neutron diffraction. CrystEngComm 10:162–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Millar DIA, Oswald IDH, Barry C, Francis DJ, Marshall WG, Pulham CR, Cumming AS (2010) Pressure-cooking of explosives-the crystal structure of a high-pressure, high-temperature form of RDX as determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. In: International detonation symposium, Idaho, USA 2010

    Google Scholar 

  27. Samuels P (2012) Irreversible growth of DNAN based formulations. In: 2012 NDIA IM/EM Presentation, May 2012

    Google Scholar 

  28. Barton LM, Edwards’ JT, Johnson EC, Bukowski EJ, Sausa RC, Byrd EFC, Orlicki JA, Sabatini JJ, Baran PS (2019) Impact of stereo-and regiochemistry on energetic materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(32):12531–12535

    Google Scholar 

  29. Johansen ØH, Kristiansen JD, Gjersø R, Berg A, Halvorsen T, Smith K-T, Nevstad GO (2008) RDX and HMX with reduced sensitivity towards shock initiation–RS-RDX and RS-HMX. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 33

    Google Scholar 

  30. Spyckerelle C, Freche A, Eck G (2004) Ageing of I-RDX® and of compositions based on I-RDX® NDIA IMEMTS. San Francisco, November 2004

    Google Scholar 

  31. Liang L, Chang Z, Liao X, Guo de X (2019) Study on nickel and dopamine double coated ulttafine aluminium powder and its properties. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  32. Vorozhtsov A, Teplov G (2019) The cyclic nitramines crystals containing metal micro- and nanoparticles. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  33. Zarko VE, Gromov A (2016) Energetic nanomaterials. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shatkin JA (2013) Nanotechnology, health and environmental risks. CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  35. Cooke ED, Paraskos AJ, Beckel ER, Anderson PE (2019) Polyglycidyl nitrate synthesis and explosives formulations. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cumming AS et al (2007) Performance tests of next generation solid missile propellants. In: NDIA 2007 insensitive munitions and energetic materials technology symposium, Miami, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  37. Johnson MS, Eck WS, Lent EM (2017) Toxicity of insensitive munitions formulations and components. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 42:9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Thompson D (2015) Lead-free ballistic modifier for rocket motor propellants, SERDP USA WP-200727

    Google Scholar 

  39. AOP-39 (2010) Edition 3, Guidance on the assessment and development of insensitive munitions, March 2010

    Google Scholar 

  40. STANAG 4439 (2010) Edition X, Policy for introduction and assessment of insensitive munitions, March 2010

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gerber P (2006) Insensitive octogen, NDIA IMEMTS. Bristol, October 2006

    Google Scholar 

  42. NATO-STANAG 4515 Explosives. Thermal Analysis Using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Heat Flow Calorimetry (HFC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tucker JP (2012) A whole life assessment of extruded double base rocket propellants. PhD Thesis. Cranfield University

    Google Scholar 

  44. NATO-STANAG 4147, Chemical Compatibility of Ammunition Components with Explosives (Non-Nuclear Applications)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Cerri S, Bohn MA, Menke K, Galfetti L (2009) Ageing behaviour of HTPB based rocket propellant formulations. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 6(2):149–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (Tests and Criteria), Revision 1 United Nations, February 1989

    Google Scholar 

  47. Collet C (2019) A better use of insensitive munition and hazard classification test results, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  48. Moriceau J (2019) Small scale evaluation of energetic materials: shock sensitivity characterisation at the early stage of synthesis, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lamy P, Leiber CO, Cumming AS, Zimmer M et al (1996) Studies of high energy insensitive high explosives. In: Proceedings of 27th ICT conference 1996

    Google Scholar 

  50. Blashill S (2006) Stuart, Concerns about trends in insensitive munitions testing. In: Proceedings from the 2006 insensitive munitions & energetic materials technology symposium, Bristol, UK, October 2006

    Google Scholar 

  51. Cumming AS, Johnson MS (eds) (2019) Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  52. Johnson MS (2019) Development and integration of environmental safety and occupational health information. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  53. Thiboutot S, Brochu S (2019) Assessment and sustainment of the environmental health of military live fire ranges. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hristov HP, Hristov HI (2017) Environmental impact of energetics on test ranges. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 42:84–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Brochu S, Thiboutot S (2019) Greener munitions. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  56. Towndrow D (2019) General introduction to ammunition disposal. In: Energetic materials and munitions, life cycle management, environmental impact and demilitarization. Wiley-VCH

    Google Scholar 

  57. STANAG-4518 (2001) (ED.1), Safe Disposal of Munitions, Design Principles and Requirements, and Safety Assessment (15 June 2001) NATO

    Google Scholar 

  58. NATO TR-AVT-115 (2010) Environmental Impact of Munition and Propellant Disposal NATO STO 2010

    Google Scholar 

  59. Park C, Cho H, Cha B, Moon I (2014) Numerical analysis of twin screw polymer extrusion process. In: Proceedings of Kishem 3, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  60. Dobrynin OS, Zharkov MN, Kuchurov IV, Muravyev NV, Meerov DB, Kosareva EK, Pivkina AN, Zlotin SG (2019) Phlegmatization of energetic materials with polymer films in supercritical conditions. In: Proceedings of new trends in research of energetic materials, Czech Republic, April 2019

    Google Scholar 

  61. Stenmark H (2019) Advanced coatings of explosives, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cumming AS, Leach CJ (1999) Collaboration on pressable explosives for shaped charges, a European success story. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 24:46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Flower P, Garaty B, Marshall EJ (1990) Reaction injection moulding of plastic bonded explosive. In: Proceedings of 21st ICT conference 1990

    Google Scholar 

  64. Alexander B (2019) Resonant Acoustic Mixing (RAM) technology for coated explosive material manufacturing, NDIA IMEMTS. Seville, October 2019

    Google Scholar 

  65. Collard DN, McClain MS, Fleck TJ, Rahman NA, Rhoads JF, Meyer TR, Son SF (2019) Additively manufactured solid propellant and embedded reactive components. In: Proceedings of 50th conference ICT 2019

    Google Scholar 

  66. Woods H, Boddorff A, Ewaldz E, Adams Z, Ketcham M, Jang DJ, Sinner E, Thadhani N, Brettmann B (2019) Rheological considerations for binder development in direct ink writing of energetic materials. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 44

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adam S. Cumming .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cumming, A.S. (2020). Modern Approaches to Formulation Design and Production. In: Pang, W., DeLuca, L., Gromov, A., Cumming, A. (eds) Innovative Energetic Materials: Properties, Combustion Performance and Application. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4831-4_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics