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Application of Nanomaterials in Cancer Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Therapy

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Applications of Nanomaterials in Human Health

Abstract

Cancer diagnostics and therapy has a lot to gain from advances in nanotechnology. Liposomes like nanoparticles can be loaded with probes and anti-cancer drugs to target cancer tissues. Drug delivery requires the specificity of targeting the cancer tissue; prolonged circulation of the nanoparticles in the blood; assessment of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the controlled release of nanoparticles. This is particularly important from enhanced permeability and retention of nanomaterials, also known as the EPR effect. Thus, controlling the nanoparticles for different cancer types and in different formulations is critical. Efficacy and access of nanoparticles to the cancer cells may be monitored and regulated for specific tumor types that could lead to patient specific precision medicine. Hence, innovative nanotechnology can supplement existing molecular, cellular, and genetic techniques to study alterations across different cancer types, enabling the sorting of normal and malignant cells and tissues. For diagnostics, nanoparticle biosensors may be used in monitoring molecular signals specific to tumorigenesis, to assess tumor specific changes occurring in the malignant tissues. Here we also review novel nanotechnologies including the use of CRISPR/Cas9, CAR-T immunotherapy, and DNA and RNA nanotechnology studies in cancer theranostics design.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the stimulating conversations with our colleagues at University of Chicago (Everett Vokes; Ravi Salgia and Ezra Cohen) and invaluable discussions with the colleagues at UQUDENT. We regret not including excellent reviews and original articles in nanomedicine and cancer that could have been cited; due to the limited space allotted for this chapter. No conflict of interest or funding is reported in writing this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Shahid S. Siddiqui & Loganathan Sivakumar

  2. Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Shahid S. Siddiqui & Mashael Saeed Al-Qahtani

  3. Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Shahid S. Siddiqui & Faisal Ahmed Khalil Al Allaf

  4. Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, India

    Loganathan Sivakumar

  5. McGenome LLC, Glenview, IL, USA

    Zeba Kidwai Siddiqui

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  1. Department of Stem Cell Biology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Firdos Alam Khan

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Siddiqui, S.S., Al-Qahtani, M.S., Al Allaf, F.A.K., Sivakumar, L., Siddiqui, Z.K. (2020). Application of Nanomaterials in Cancer Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Therapy. In: Khan, F. (eds) Applications of Nanomaterials in Human Health. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4802-4_8

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