Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Commodification as a Part of Marketization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Marketization

Abstract

When marketization of a geographic area or a domain of human behavior occurs, it is almost necessarily accompanied by commodification. In making things saleable or exchangeable, we are saying that they have monetary or non-monetary substitutes. In some cases these things are treated as fungible, that is equivalent to and interchangeable with an identical appearing equivalent. Thus, one person’s labor becomes equivalent with another’s, one bunch of bananas becomes interchangeable with another, and one mass-produced object can be replaced with another identical object. Commodification can make what were once intimate personal or shared family goods into assets exchangeable in the market. It can likewise make what were once freely available public goods like land and natural resources into private goods with prices and ‘Keep Out’ signs. This chapter examines the impacts of commodification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abramovitch, Henry, and Shifra Epstein. 1988. Driving Amulets in Jerusalem. Mankind Quarterly 29 (Fall): 161–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman, Frank, and Lisa, Heinzerling. 2004. Priceless: On Knowing the Price of Everything and the Value of Nothing. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuvia, Aaron, and Mara, Adelman. 1993. Market Metaphors for Meeting Mates. In Research in Consumer Behavior, 6 ed., 55–84. Russell Belk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anagnost, Ann 2004. Maternal Labor in a Transnational Circuit. In Consuming Motherhood, ed. Janelle Taylor, Linda Layne, and Danielle Wozniak, 139–167. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Benedict. 1982/2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd ed. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai, 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, Adam. 2006. ‘Quality Singles’: Internet Dating and the Work of Fantasy. New Media and Society 8 (4): 671–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Askegaard, Søren. 2012. Volume Introduction: Desire for Journeys—Journeys of Desire. In Legends in Consumer Behavior: Russell Belk, Vol. 8, Collecting, Luxury, and the Production of Consumer Desire, ed. Søren Askegaard, xxi–xxvi. Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Askew, Marc. 2008. Materializing Merit: The Symbolic Economy of Religious Movements and Tourist Pilgrimage in Contemporary Thailand. In Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods, ed. Pattana Kitiarsa, 89–119. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augé, Marc. 1992/1995. Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. trans. John Howe, London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, Richard. 1975. Marketing as Exchange. Journal of Marketing 39 (October): 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, Stephen. 2004. Education for Sale! The Commodification of Everything? King’s Annual Education Lecture 2004, University of London, June 17. http://www.asu.edu/educ/epsi/CERU/articles/CERU-0410-253-OWI.pdf.

  • Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2012. AuthenticTM: The Politics of Ambivalence in a Brand Culture. New York: New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannatyne, Lesley. 2011. Halloween Nation: Behind the Scenes at America’s Fright Night. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Haim, Gabriel. 1987. The Meaning of Western Commercial Artifacts for Eastern European Youth. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 16 (July): 205–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Haim, Gabriel. 1989. Actions and Heroes: The Meaning of Western Pop Information for Eastern European Youth. British Journal of Sociology 40 (March): 22–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2003. Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary. 1996. Accounting for Tastes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary. 2009. A Treatise on the Family, enlarged edition (original 1981). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, David. 2016. Metric Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1979. Gift–Giving Behavior. In Research in Marketing, vol. 2, ed. Jagdish N. Sheth, 95-126. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1987a. A Child’s Christmas in America: Santa Claus as Deity, Consumption as Religion. Journal of American Culture 10 (1): 87–100. (Spring).

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1987b. Happy Thought (Presidential Address). Advances in Consumer Research 14: 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1988a. Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research 15 (September): 139–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1988b. Third World Consumer Culture. In Marketing and Development: Broader Dimensions, ed. Erdoğan Kumcu and A. Fuat Firat, Greenwich, 103–127. CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1990. Me and Thee Versus Mine and Thine: How Perceptions of the Body Influence Organ Donation and Transplantation. In Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioral Factors, ed. James Shanteau and Richard J. Harris, 139–149. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1993a. Materialism and the Making of the Modern American Christmas. Unwrapping Christmas, ed. Daniel Miller, 75–104. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1993b. Third World Tourism: Panacea or Poison? The Case of Nepal. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 5 (1): 27–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1994. Carnival, Control, and Corporate Culture in Contemporary Halloween Celebrations. In Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, ed. Jack Santino, 105–132. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1995. Collecting in a Consumer Society. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1996. The Perfect Gift. In Gift Giving: A Research Anthology, ed. Cele Otnes and Richard F. Beltramini, 59–84. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1997. Romanian Consumer Desires and Feelings of Deservingness. In Romania in Transition, ed. Lavinia Stan, 191–208. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1998. The Double Nature of Collecting: Materialism and Antimaterialism. Etnofoor 11 (1): 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 1999. Leaping Luxuries and Transitional Consumers. In Marketing Issues in Transitional Economies, ed. Rajiv Batra, 38–54. Norwell, MA: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2004. The Human Consequences of Consumer Culture. In Elusive Consumption: Tracking New Research Perspectives, eds. Karin M. Ekström and Helene Brembeck, 67–85. London: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2006. Selling God’s Book. In Consuming Books: The Marketing and Consumption of Literature, ed. Stephen Brown, 18–31. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2010a. Sharing. Journal of Consumer Research 36 (February): 715–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2010b. The Naomi Klein Brand. Women’s Studies Quarterly 38 (3 & 4): 293–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2013. Extended Self in a Digital World. Journal of Consumer Research 40 (3): 477–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. 2014. Objectification and Anthropomorphism of the Self: Self as Brand, Self as Avatar. In Brand Mascots and Other Marketing Animals, ed. Stephen Brown and Sharon Posonby-McCabe, 19–24. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell. (forthcoming). The Future of Globalization: A Comment. International Marketing Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Gregory Coon. 1993. Gift-Giving as Agapic Love: An Alternative to the Exchange Paradigm Based on Dating Experiences. Journal of Consumer Research 20 (December): 393–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Janeen Costa. 1995. International Tourism: An Assessment and Overview. Journal of Macromarketing 15 (2): 33–49. Fall.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Junko Kimura. 2005. Christmas in Japan: Globalization versus Localization. Consumption, Markets and Culture 8 (September): 325–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Maria Kniazeva. 2018. The Morphing of Anthropomorphism: An Update. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 28 (3): 239–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Gülnur, Tumbat. 2005. The Cult of Macintosh. Consumption, Markets and Culture, 8 (September): 205–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, and Melanie Wallendorf. 1990. The Sacred Meanings of Money. Journal of Economic Psychology 11 (March): 35–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, Russell, Melanie Wallendorf, and John Sherry Jr. 1989. The Sacred and The Profane in Consumer Behavior: Theodicy on the Odyssey. Journal of Consumer Research 15 (June): 1–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson, Anders, Jacob Östberg, and Dannie Kjelgaard. 2013. Prisoners in Paradise: Subcultural Resistance to the Marketization of Tattooing. Consumption, Markets and Culture 8 (3): 261–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, Walter. 1968. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, Edward Jephcott and K. Shorter, trans., 271–251. New York: Shocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Jane. 2001. The Enchantment of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, Andrew. 2010. Making and Marking Relationships: Bronze Age Brandings and Mediterranean Commodities. In Cultures of Commodity Branding, ed. Andrew Bevan, David Wengrow, and Walnut Creek, 35–85. CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, Courtney, Jeremy Birnholz, and Charles Abbott. 2014. Seeing and Being Seen: Co-Situation and Impression Formation Using Grindr, A Location-Aware Gay Dating App. New Media and Society 17 (7): 1117–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bode, Matthias, and Dorthe Kristensen. 2016. The Digital Doppelgänger Within: A Study on Self-Tracking and the Quantified Self Movement. In Assembling Consumption: Researching Actors, ed. Robin Canniford and Domen Bajde, 119–134. Networks and Markets, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogle, Kathleen. 2008. Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgmann, Albert. 1984. Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, Geoffrey, and Susan Star. 1999. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, Samuel. 2016. The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives are no Substitute for Good Citizens. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, David. 2004. Authenticity: Brands, Fakes, Spin and the Lust for Real Life. London: Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boym, Svetlana. (2001). The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, Carolyn, Arnold Kahn, and Bryan Saville. 2010. To Hook Up or Date: Which Gender Benefits? Sex Roles 62 (9–10): 661–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes, Stanley. 2002. The Cremated Catholic: The Ends of a Deceased Guatemalan. In Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, ed. Commodifying Bodies, 111–120. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, Jason, and Peter Jaworski. 2016. Markets without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, John, and Frank Trentman (eds.). 2006. Consuming Cultures: Global Perspectives: Historical Trajectories. Transnational Exchanges, Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, Edward. 2005. Culture on Tour: Ethnographies of Travel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canclini, Néstor. 2001. Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multicultural Conflicts. Goerge Yúdice, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, Scott. 2011. The Red Market: On the Trail of the World’s Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers, and Child Traffickers. New York: William Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrier, James. 1995. Gifts and Commodities: Exchange and Western Capitalism since 1700. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, Bruce G. 2010. The Meanings of Money: A Sociological Perspective. Theoretical Inquiries in Law 11 (1): 51–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, Francis. 2005. Wellsprings: A Natural History of Bottled Waters. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheal, David. 1988. The Gift Economy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Sea-ling. 2001. Consuming Places in Hong Kong: Experiencing Lan Kwai Fong. In Consuming Hong Kong, ed. Gordon Mathews and Tai-lok Lui, 237–262. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chödrön, Thubten. 2005. Marketing the Dharma. In Hooked! Buddhist Writings on Greed, Desire, and the Urge to Consume, ed. Stephanie Kaza, 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, Alison. 2010. The Second-Hand Brand: Liquid Assets and Borrowed Goods. In Cultures of Commodity Branding, ed. Andrew Bevanand David Wengrow and Walnut Creek, 235–253. CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Adam. 2005. This Season’s War Cry: Commercialize Christmas, or Else. In New York Times, December 4, online edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Erik. 1988. Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 15: 371–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Lizabeth. 2003. Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constable, Nicole. 2009. The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and Reproductive Labor. Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, Daniel. 2004. The Commodification of Childhood: The Children’s Clothing Industry and the Rise of the Child Consumer. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Janeen. 1998. Paradisal Discourse: A Critical Analysis of Marketing and Consuming Hawaii. Consumption, Markets and Culture 1 (4): 303–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Janeen, and Gary Bamossy. 1995. Culture and the Marketing of Culture: The Museum Retail Context. In Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity, ed. Janeen Costa, Gary Bamossy, and Thousand Oaks, 299–328. CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulter, Robin, Linda Price, and Lawrence Feick. 2003. Rethinking the Origins of Involvement and Brand Commitment: Insights from Post-Socialist Central Europe. Journal of Consumer Research 30 (September): 151–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coupland, Justine. 1996. Dating Advertisements: Discourses of the Commodified Self. Discourse and Society 7 (2): 187–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cova, Bernard, Robert V. Kozinets, and Avi Shankar (eds.). 2007. Consumer Tribes. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cräiciun, Magdalena. 2014. Material Culture and Authenticity: Fake Branded Fashion in Europe. New York: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, Gary. 2002. Valves of Desire: A Historian’s Perspective on Parents, Children, and Marketing. Journal of Consumer Research, 29 (December), 441–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, Gaby, and Carolina Cambre. 2016. Screened Intimacies: Tinder and the Swipe Logic. Social Media and Society 2 (2): 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dávila, Arlene. 1998. EWl Kiosko Budweiser: The Making of a ‘National’ Television Show in Puerto Pico. American Ethnologist 25 (3): 452–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, Ronald. 2014. Indexing it All: The [Subject] in the Age of Documentation, Information, and Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Barnardi, Jean. 2008. Commodifying Blessings: Celebrating the Double-Yang Festival in Penang, Malaysia and Wudang Mountain, China. In Marketing Gods: Rethinking Religious Commodifications in Asia, ed. Pattana Kitiarsa, 49–67. London: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • DeChant, Dell. 2002. The Sacred Santa: Religious Dimensions of Consumer Culture. Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, Norman. 2013. Indians on Display: Global Commodification of Native America in Performance, Art, and Museums. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derk, Ian. 2016. Swipe Left to Detain: A Procedural Comparison Between Tinder and Papers, Please. Journal of Games Criticism. November. http://gamescriticism.org/articles/derk-3–2/.

  • Desmond, Jane C. 1999. Staging Tourism: Bodies on Display from Waikiki to Sea World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, Dian, and Jochen, Peter. 2013. Women on Display: The Effect of Portraying the Self Online on Women’s Self-Objectification. Computers in Human Behavior 29 (4): 1483–1489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmar, Helga. 2008. Consumer Culture, Identity and Well-Being: The Search for the “Good Life” and the “Body Perfect”. New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draculić, Slavenka. 1991. How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, Robert. 2008. Identifying Consumption: Subjects and Objects in Consumer Society. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, Gerald. 1994. Markets and Morals: The Case for Organ Sales. In Morality, Harm, and the Law, ed. Gerald Dworkin, 155–161. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, Giana, and Anders Bengtsson. 2010. A Brief History of Branding in China. Journal of Macromarketing 30 (September): 210–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, Charles. 2011. Sacred Economics: Money, Gift and Society in the Age of Transition, Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekström, Karin, and Helene Brembeck (eds.). 2004. Elusive Consumption. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epele, María. 2002. Excess, Scarcity and Desire among Drug-Using Sex Workers. In Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, ed. Commodifying Bodies, 161–180. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epp, Amber, and Linda Price. 2008. Family Identity: A Framework of Identity Interplay in Consumption Practices. Journal of Consumer Research 34 (June): 50–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, Ben. 1998. The Triumph of Economics; Or, ‘Rationality’ Can Be Dangerous to Your Reasoning. In Virtualism: A New Political Economy, ed. James Carrier and Daniel Miller, 49–73. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finn, Ed. 2017. What Algorithms Want: Imagination in the Age of Computing, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firat, A.Fuat, and Alladi Venkatesh. 1995. Liberatory Postmodernism and the Reenchantment of Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research 22 (December): 239–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, Eileen, Cele Otnes, and Linda Tuncay. 2007. Pursuing Parenthood: Integrating Cultural and Cognitive Perspectives on Persistent Goal Striving. Journal of Consumer Research 33 (December): 425–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, Tom. 1993. The Trouble with Christmas. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, Robert J. 2002. Materializing the Nation: Commodities, Consumption, and Media in Papua New Guinea. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, Robert J. 2008. Coca-Globalization: Following Soft Drink from New York to New Guinea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Thomas. 1997. The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, Thomas, and Matt Weiland (eds.). 1997. Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, Thatcher. 1993. Objects of Desire: The Lives of Antiques and Those Who Pursue Them. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, Erich. 1976. To Have or to Be? New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frow, John. 1997. Time and Commodity Culture: Essays in Cultural Theory and Postmodernity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandy, Oscar. 1993. The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gell, Alfred. 1992. The Technology of Enchantment and The Enchantment of Technology. In Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics, eds. J. Coote and A. Shelton, 40–67. Clarendon: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ger, Güliz. 1992. The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case. Journal of Consumer Policy 15 (3): 229–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, Rishab (ed.). 2005. CODE: Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, Anthony. 1993. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giesler, Markus. 2013. How Doppelgänger Brand Images Influence the Market Creation Process: Longitudinal Insights from the Rise of Botox Cosmetic. Journal of Marketing 76 (November): 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, James, and B. Joseph Pine II. 2007. Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitelman, Lisa. 2006. Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gleick, Peter. 2011. Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, Lawrence B. (ed.). 1999. Consumer Society in American History: A Reader. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, Neva, Frank Ackerman, and David Kiron (eds.). 1997. The Consumer Society. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gneezy, Uri, and Aldo Rustichini. 2000. A Fine Is a Price. Journal of Legal Studies 29 (1): 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, David. 2011. Debt: The First 5000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, Stedman. 2001. Build Your Own Life Brand! A Powerful Strategy to Maximize Your Potential and Enhance Your Value for Ultimate Achievement, New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, Mark. 1985. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91 (November): 481–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, Davydd. 1989. Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, 2nd ed., ed. Valene L. Smith, Philadelphia, 171–186. PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, Christopher. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, Christopher. 1997. Savage Money. Amsterdam: Harwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregson, Nicky, and Louise Crewe. 2003. Second-Hand Cultures. Oxford: Berg.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Grier, Katherine. 2003. Buying Your Friends: The Pet Business and American Consumer Culture. In Commodifying Everything: Relationships of the Market, ed. Susan Strasser, 43–70. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guss, David M. 1996. ‘Full Speed Ahead with Venezuela’: The Tobacco Industry, Nationalism, and the Business of Popular Culture. Public Culture 9 (1): 33–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, Orit. 2014. Beautiful Data: A History of Vision and Reason since 1945. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, Gary, and Chi-kong, Lai. 1989. Consumerism without Capitalism: Consumption and Brand Names in Late Imperial China. In The Social Economy of Consumption, ed. Hemru Rutz and Benjamin Orlove, Lanham, 253–279. MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanser, Amy. 2008. Service Encounters: Class, Gender, and the Market for Social Distinction in Urban China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, Bernard. 2013. Exposed: Desire and Disobedience in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Andrew. 2011. Branding Hoxton: Cultural Landscapes of Post-Industrial London. In Brands and Branding Geographies, ed. Andy Pike, Cheltenham, 187–199. UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, Narin, 2010. Milk Markets: Technology, the Lactating Body, and New Forms of Consumption. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 38 (Fall/Winter), 209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, Fritz. 1986. Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality, and Advertising in Capitalist Society. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Gay, Emily Potter, and Kane, Race. 2015. Plastic Water: The Social and Material Life of Bottled Water, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, Kieran. 2006. Last Best Gifts: Altruism and the Market for Human Blood and Organs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, Joseph, and Andrew Potter. 2004. Nation of Rebels: Why Counterculture Became Consumer Culture. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henig, David, and Nicolette Makovick (eds.). 2010. Economies of Favor After Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, Tanya. 2005. ‘Sex in the [Foreign] City’: Commodification and the Female Sex Tourist. In Rethinking Commodification: Casesand Readings in Law and Culture, ed. Martha Ertman and Joan Williams, 222–242. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, Kevin. 2004. Secondhandedness: Consumption Disposal, and Absent Presence. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22: 157–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, Ken, and Michael Petit (eds.). 2006. Everyday eBay: Culture, Collecting, and Desire. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, Mary. 2018. Aquinas and the Market. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, Elizabeth. 1987. People as Products: Analysis of a Complex Marketing Exchange. Journal of Marketing 51 (January): 98–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, Mitchell, Stephen Owen, and Livia Gerber. 2016. Liquid Love? Dating Apps, Sex, Relationships and the Digital Transformation of Intimacy. Journal of Sociology 53 (2): 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, Eric. 1992. Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, Arlie. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, Arlie. 2012. The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times. New York: Metropolitan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeller, Hildegard. 2012. From Gift to Commodity: Capitalism and Sacrifice in Nineteenth Century American Fiction. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, Douglas B. 2002. Why Do Brands Cause Trouble? A Dialectical Theory of Consumer Culture and Branding. Journal of Consumer Research 29 (June): 70–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homnack, Anabel. 2015 Online Dating Technology Effects on Interpersonal Relationships. In Advanced Writing: Pop Culture Intersections, Sept 3. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=engl_176.

  • Hoover, Stewart. 2000. The Cross at Willow Creek: Seeker Religion and the Contemporary Marketplace. In Religion and Popular Culture in America, ed. Bruce Forbes and Jeffrey Mahan, Berkeley, 145–159. CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howes, David. 1996. Introduction: Commodities and Cultural Borders. Cross-Cultural Consumption: Global Markets Local Realities, 1–16. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, Caroline. 1985. Barter and Economic Disintegration. Man 20: 48–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, Caroline, and Stephen, Hugh-Jones. 1992. Introduction: Barter, Exchange, and Value. In Barter, Exchange and Value: An Anthropological Approach, ed. Caroline Humphrey and Stephen Hugh-Jones, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, Lewis. 2010. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izberk-Bilgen, Elif. 2013. Theology Meets the Marketplace: The Discursive Formation of the Halal Market in Turkey. In Consumption and Spirituality, ed. Diego Rinallo, Linda Scott, and Pauline MacLaran, 41–53. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jhally, Sut. 1990. Image Based Culture: Advertising and Popular Culture. miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/SutJhally.pdf. Last accessed 7 Nov 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone-Louis, Mary. 2013. No Gods. No Masters? The ‘New Atheist’ Movement and the Commercialization of Unbelief. In Consumption and Spirituality, eds. Diego Rinallo, Linda Scott, and Pauline Maclaren, 56–65. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Jeffrey. 2010. Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karababa, Eminegul, and Güliz Ger. 2011. Early Modern Ottoman Coffeehouse Culture and the Formation of the Consumer Subject. Journal of Consumer Research 37 (February): 737–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitiarsa, Pattana. 2008. Buddha Phanit Thailand’s Prosperity Religion and its Commodifying Tactics. In Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods, ed. Pattana Kitiarsa, 129–143. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinenberg, Eric. 2002. Bodies that Don’t Matter: Death and Dereliction in Chicago. In Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, ed. Commodifying Bodies, 121–136. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kniazeva, Maria, and Russell Belk. 2010. If This Brand Were a Person, or Anthropomorphism of Brands Through Packaging Stories. Journal of Global Academy of Marketing Science 20 (2): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppelman, Susan, and Alison Franks (eds.). 2008. Collecting and the Internet: Essays on the Pursuit of Old Passions Through New Technologies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopytoff, Igor. 1986. The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process. In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai, 64–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopytoff, Igor. 2004. Commoditizing Kinship in America. In Janelle Taylor, Linda Layne, and Danielle Wozniak, ed. Consuming Motherhood, 271–278. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, Philip. 1972. The Generic Concept of Marketing. Journal of Marketing 36 (April): 46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, Philip, and Sidney Levy. 1969. Broadening the Concept of Marketing. Journal of Marketing 33 (January): 10–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozinets, Robert. 2002. Can Consumers Escape the Market? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man. Journal of Consumer Research 29 (June): 20–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krikorian, Gaëlle, and Amy Kapczynski (eds.). 2010. Access to Knowledge in an Age of Intellectual Property. New York: Zone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuttner, Robert. 1997. Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrecque, Lauren I., Ereni Markos, and George R. Milne. 2011. Online Personal Branding: Processes, Challenges, and Implications. Journal of Interactive Marketing 25: 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lampland, Martha, and Susan Star (eds.). 2009. Standards and their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying, and Formalizing Shape Everyday Life. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, Kimberly. 2000. New Age Capitalism: Making Money East of Eden. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, William. 1993. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessig, Lawrence. 2004. Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, Sidney. 1996. Stalking the Wild Amphisbaena. Journal of Consumer Research 23 (December): 163–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Nick. 2011. Packaging Political Projects in Geographical Imaginaries: The Rise of Nation Branding. In Brands and Branding Geographies, ed. Andy Pike, Cheltenham, 289–301. UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Yi-Chieh Jessica. 2011. Fake Stuff: China and the Rise of Counterfeit Goods. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, Christopher. 2010. Rumors of a Moral Economy. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm, Charles. 2008. Culture and Authenticity. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linebaugh 2014. Stop Thief! The Commons, Enclosures, and Resistance. Oakland, CA: PM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, James. 1988. Modern Subjectivity and Consumer Culture. In Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, ed. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, and Matthias Judt, 413–429. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loader, Ian. 1999. Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security. Sociology 33 (May): 373–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, Margaret. 2002. The Alienation of Body Tissue and the Biopolitics of Immortalized Cell Lines. In Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, ed. Commodifying Bodies, 63–93. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loundon, Sumi. 2005. Young Buddhists in Shopping Shangri-la. In Hooked! Buddhist Writings on Greed, Desire, and the Urge to Consume, ed. Stephanie Kaza, 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loy, David. 1997. The Religion of the Market. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 65 (2): 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukács, György, 1971. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, Rodney Livingstone, trans., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, Deborah. 2016. “The Quantified Self”. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lury, Celia. 2011. Consumer Culture, 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, David, (ed.). 2003. Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, Dean. 1973. Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology 79: 589–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, Dean. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manno, Jack. 2002. Commoditization: Consumption Efficiency and an Economy of Care and Connection. In Confronting Consumption, ed. Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, and Ken Conka, 67–99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcoux, Jean-Sébastien. 2009. Escaping the Gift Economy. Journal of Consumer Research 36 (4): 671–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, P.David. 1997. Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Karl. 1867/1999. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1, ed. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, trans., online edition. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/. Last accessed Nov 6 2013.

  • Marx, Karl, and Friedrich, Engels. (1848/1955). The Communist Manifesto, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, Abraham. 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matt, Susan. 2003. Keeping Up with the Joneses: Envy in American Consumer Society, 1890-1930. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, Marcel. 1967. The Gift: Forms and Functions in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge and Kegan-Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, Grant. 1988. Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDannell, Coleen. 1995. Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, Steven. 1998. Consumerism—as a Way of Life. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Daniel. 1993. A Theory of Christmas. Unwrapping Christmas, 3–37. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Daniel. 1998. Coca-Cola: A Black Sweet Drink from Trinidad. In Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter, ed. Daniel Miller, 169–187. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Daniel. 2001. Alienable Gifts and Inalienable Commodities. In The Empire of Things, ed. Webb Keene, 91–118. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Vincent. 2004. Consuming Religion: Christian Faith in a Consumer Culture. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, Steven. 2010. Spaces for Consumption. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montoya, Peter. 2002. The Personal Branding Phenomena: Realize Greater Influence, Explosive Income Growth, and Rapid Career Advancement by Applying the Branding Techniques of Oprah, Martha, and Michael, Create space Independent Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.Lawrence. 1994. Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Karl, and Susan Reid. 2008. The Birth of the Brand: 4000 Years of Branding. Business History 50: 419–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Sally, and Barbara Myerhoff. 1977. Introduction, Secular Ritual: Forms and Meanings. In Sally Moore and Barbara Myerhoff, ed. Secular Ritual, 3–24. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, Roopali, and Sarah Banet-Weiser (eds.). 2012. Commodity Activism: Cultural Resistance in Neoliberal Times. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, Jerry. 2018. The Tyranny of Metrics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Muñiz, Albert, and Thomas O’Guinn. 2001. Brand Community. Journal of Consumer Research 27 (March): 412–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, Sasha. 2012. The Modernity Bluff: Crime, Consumption, and Citizenship in Côte d’Ivoire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, Sasha. 2013. Brands as Masks: Public Secrecy and the Counterfeit in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19: 138–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, Safiya. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: Mew Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nye, David. 1994. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Guinn, Thomas, and Russell Belk. 1989. Heaven on Earth: Consumption at Heritage Village, USA. Journal of Consumer Research 15 (September): 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, Cathy. 2016. Weapons pf Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osteen, Mark. (2002). Gift or Commodity? ed. Mark Osteen, The Question of the Gift: Essays Across Disciplines, 229–247. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Outka, Elizabeth. 2009. Consuming Tradition: Modernity, Modernism, and the Commodified Authentic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantzar, Mika, and Minna Ruckenstein. 2015. The Heart of Everyday Analytics: Emotional, Material, and Practical Extensions in Self-Tracking Market. Consumption, Markets and Culture 18 (1): 92–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, Bronwyn. 2004. Trading the Genome: Investigating the Commodification of Bio-Information. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, Jonathan. 1989. On the Moral Perils of Exchange. In Money and the Morality of Exchange, ed. Jonathan Parry and Maurice Bloch, 64–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, Raj. 2009. The Value of Nothing: Why Everything Costs So Much More than We Think. Toronto: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peñaloza, Lisa. 2000. The Commodification of the American West: Marketers’ Production of Cultural Meanings at the Trade Show. Journal of Consumer Research 64 (October): 82–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendergrast, Mark. 1993. For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, John Durham. 1999. Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, B. Joseph, II, and James, Gilmore, 1999. The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre and Every Business is a Stage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, Sarah. 1975/1995. Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves, 2nd ed. New York: Schocken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, Eduardo. 2011. The Price of Everything: Finding Method in the Madness of What Things Cost. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, Andrew. 2011. The Authenticity Hoax: How We Get Lost Finding Ourselves. Toronto: Emblem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radin, Margaret. 1996. Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts, and Other Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radin, Margaret, and Madavi Sunder. 2005. Introduction: The Subject and Object of Commodification. In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, ed. Martha Ertman and Joan Williams, 8–29. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranger, Terence. 1983. The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa. In The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 211–262. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rassuli, Kathleen, and Stanley Hollander. 1986. Desire-Induced, Innate, Insatiable? Journal of Macromarketing 6 (Fall): 4–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redmon, David. 2005. Mardi Gras Made in China, 62-minute film. Brooklyn, NY: Calle y Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, Martin, Oliver Schilke, and Jacquelyn Thomas. 2010. Toward an Understanding of Industry Commoditization: Its Nature and Role in Evolving Market Competition. International Journal of Research in Marketing 27 (June): 188–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rettberg, Jill. 2014. Seeing Ourselves Through Technology: How We Use Selfies. Blogs and Wearable Devices to See and Shape Ourselves, Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, eBook version.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ritzer, George. 1993. The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzer, George. 2004. The Globalization of Nothing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Joanna. 2013. Contested Water: The Struggle Against Water Privatization in the United States and Canada. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, Nicholas. 2002. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roof, Wade. 1999. Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, Mitchell. 2000. The Commoditization of Goods and the Rise of the State in Ancient Mesopotamia. in Commodities and Globalizatoin: Anthropological Perspectives, ed. Angelique Haugerud, M. Priscilla Stone, and Peter Little, Lanham, 163–178, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russ, Ann. 2005. Love’s Labor Paid for: Gift and Commodity at the Threshold of Death. Cultural Anthropology 20 (1): 128–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandel, Michael. 2011. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits to Markets. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santino, Jack. (1995) All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santino, Jack. 1996. New Old Fashioned Ways: Holidays and Popular Culture. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartre, Jean-Paul. (1956). Being and Nothingness, Hazel Barnes, trans., New York: Philosophical Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satz, Debra. 2010. Why Some Things Should Not be For Sale. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, Andrew. 2003. (De) commodification, Consumer Culture, and Moral Economy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21: 341–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 2002. Commodity Fetishism in Organ Trafficking. In Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, ed. Commodifying Bodies, 31–62. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Leigh. 1995. Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schor, Juliet, and Douglas Holt. 2000. The Consumer Society Reader. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, John. 1991. Selves in Transition: Symbolic Consumption in Personal Rites of Passage and Identity Reconstruction. Journal of Consumer Research 17 (March): 412–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, Jonathan. 2006. Aesthetics Awry: The Painter of Light™ and the Commodification of Artistic Value. Consumption Markets and Culture 9 (June): 87–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, Jonathan, and Janet Borgerson. 1999. Packaging Paradise: Consuming Hawaiian Music. Advances in Consumer Research 26: 46–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schudson, Michael. 1984. Advertising: The Uneasy Persuasion. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, Lesley. 2000. The Commodification of the Body and Its Parts. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 287–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, Lesley. 2006. Strange Harvest: Organ Transplants, Denatured Bodies, and the Transformed Self. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, Lesley. 2007. Bodies, Commodities, and Biotechnologies: Death, Mourning and Scientific Desire in the Realm of Human Organ Transfer. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, Ifan D.H. 2005. From Cattle and Coke to Charlie: Meeting the Challenge of Self Marketing and Personal Branding. Journal of Marketing Management 21 (5–6): 589–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherry Jr., John F. 1983. Gift-Giving in Anthropological Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 10 (September): 147–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha, Nanda. 1997. In the Name of Development: A Reflection on Nepal. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shumar, Lesely. 1997. College for Sale: A Critique of the Commodification of Higher Education. London: Falmar Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, Vinetta. 2008. ‘Merchandising’ Hinduism: Commodities, Markets and Possibilities for Enchantment. In Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods, ed. Pattana Kitiarsa, 169–185, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, Don. 1997. Consumer Culture and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, Dan. 2013. Love in a Time of Algorithms: What Technology Does to Meeiting and Mating. New York: Current.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2 volumes, London: W. Strahan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Charles. 1989. Auctions: The Social Construction of Value. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Michael R. 2010. Digital Identity Management: Old Wine in New Bottles? Critical Studies in Fashion and Beauty 1 (2): 165–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starrett, Gregory. 1995. The Political Economy of Religious Commodities in Cairo. American Anthropologist 97 (March): 51–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, Peter. 2001. Consumerism in World History: The Global Transformation of Desire. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenkamp, Ian. 2019. The Future of Globalization. International Marketing Review 36(4):524–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternthal, Brian, and Gerald, Zaltman, 1975. Broadening the Concept of Consumer Behavior, ed. Gerald Zaltman and Brian Sternthal, Broadening the Concept of Consumer Behavior, 1–7. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, Deborah. 2005. For Love nor Money: The Commodification of Care. In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, ed. Martha Ertman and Joan Williams, 271–290. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suler, John. 2002. Identity Management in Cyberspace. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 4 (4): 455–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swader, Christopher, Olga, Stretakova, Alena, Sutormina, Viktoria, Syomina, Volha, Vysotskaya, and Irene, Fedorova. (2012), Love as a Fictitious Commodity: Gift-for-Sex Barters as Contractual Carriers of Intimacy, Sexuality and Culture, DOI:201210.1007/s12119-012-9162-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, Kristen, and Dallen Timothy. 2012. Souvenirs: Icons of Meaning, Commercialization and Commoditization. Tourism Management 33 (June): 489–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szerszynski, Bronislaw. 2005. Nature, Technology and the Sacred. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Betsy, and Dave, Tilford. 2000. Why Consumption Matters, ed. Juliet Schor and Douglas Holt”. In The Consumer Society Reader, 463–487. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, James. 2005. Stakes and Kidneys: Why Markets in Human Body Parts are Morally Imperative. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, Richard. 1985. Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science 4 (3): 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Therkelsen, Anette, and Henrik, Halkier. 2011. Branding Provincial Cities: The Politics of Inclusion, Strategy and Commitment. In Brands and Branding Geographies, ed. Andy Pike, 200–212. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, Craig, and Zeynep Arsel. 2004. The Starbuck’s Brandscape and Consumers’ (AntiCorporate) Experiences of Glocalization. Journal of Consumer Research 31 (December): 631–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Titmus, Richard M. 1971. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todorov, Maria, and Zauzsa Gille (eds.). 2010. Post-Communist Nostalgia. New York: Berghahn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Türe, Meltem, and Güliz Ger. 2016. Continuity Through Change: Navigating Temporalities Through Heirloom Rejuvenation. Journal of Consumer Research 42:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twitchell, James. 1999. Lead Us Into Temptation: The Triumph of American Materialism. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twitchell, James. 2007. Shopping for God: How Christianity Went from In Your Heart to In Your Face. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathan, Siva. 2001. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How it Threatens Creativity. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen, John. 1991. The Smile Factory: Work at Disneyland. In Reframing Organizational Culture, ed. Peter Frost, Larry Moore, Meryl Lewis, Craig Lundberg, and Joanne Martin, 58–76. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen, John, and Gideon, Kunda. 1989. ‘Real Feelings’: Emotional Expression and Organizational Culture. In Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 11, ed. Barry Staw and Larry Cummings, 43–103. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varman, Rohit, and Janeen A. Costa. 2009. Competitive and Cooperative Behavior in Embedded Markets: Developing an Institutional Perspective on Bazaars. Journal of Retailing 85 (4): 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villapando, Venny. 2000. The Business of Selling Mail-Order Brides. In Making Sense of Women’s Lives, ed., Michèle Plott and Lauri Umanski, 178–184. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, Loïc. 2002. Whores, Slaves and Stallions: Languages of Exploitation and Accommodation among Professional Boxers. In Commodifying Bodies, ed. Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Loïc Wacquant, 181–194, London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldfogel, Joel. 1993. The Deadweight Loss of Christmas. American Economic Review 83 (5): 1328–1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldfogel, Joel. 2009. Scroogenomics: Why You Shouldn’t Buy Presents for the Holidays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallendorf, Melanie, and Eric Arnould. 1991. We Gather Together: Consumption Rituals of Thanksgiving Day. Journal of Consumer Research 18: 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warhol, Andy. 1975. The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B and Back Again). New York: Hartcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, Max. 1989. Science as Vocation. In Max Weber’s Science as a Vocation, ed. Peter Lassman and Irving Lasswell, trans. Michael John, 1–31. London: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigel, Moira. 2016. Labor of Love: The Invention of Dating. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, Michelle, and Melanie Wallendorf. 2012. Intracommunity Gifting at the Intersection of Contemporary Moral and Market Economies. Journal of Consumer Research 39 (June): 74–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, Annette. (1992). Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving, 131–147. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wengrow, David. 2008. Prehistories of Commodity Branding. Current Anthropology 49: 7–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wengrow, David. 2010. Introduction: Commodity Branding in Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives. In Cultures of Commodity Branding, ed. Andrew Bevanand David Wengrow, 11–33. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widlok, Thomas. 2016. Anthropology and the Sharing Economy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, Richard. 2006. Plastic Water: The Social and Material Life of Bottled Water. Journal of Consumer Culture 6 (3): 303–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Joan, and Viviana, Zelizer. 2005. To Commodify or Not to Commodify: That Is Not the Question. In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, ed. Martha Ertman and Joan Williams, 362–382. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, Gary. 2009, June 22. “Know Thyself: Tracking Everything from Sleep to Mood to Pain, 24/7/365”. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2009/06/lbnp-knowthyself/.

  • Wolf, Gary. 2010, April 28. The Data-Driven Life. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/magazine/02self-measurement-t.html. Last accessed 20 Sept 2017.

  • Woodruff, David. 1999. Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger, Stuart. 1996. Some Must Die. In Organ Transplantation: Meanings and Realities, ed. Stuart Younger, Renee Fox, and Laurence O’Connell, 32–55. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, Viviana. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, Viviana. 2005. The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Distinguished Research Professor and Kraft Foods Canada Chair in Marketing, York University, Toronto, Canada

    Russell Belk

Authors
  1. Russell Belk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Russell Belk .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Marketing Department, XLRI—Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

    Himadri Roy Chaudhuri

  2. Marketing Department, Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Russell W. Belk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Belk, R. (2020). Commodification as a Part of Marketization. In: Roy Chaudhuri, H., Belk, R. (eds) Marketization. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4514-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation