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Nanomaterials for Point of Care Disease Detection

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Nanomaterial - Based Biomedical Applications in Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy

Abstract

In the recent era, nanomaterials (NMs) have been found useful for sensing as well as detection of several biomarkers, and these strategies are likely to develop point of care (PoC) diagnostics, which can be used for early disease detection and various therapeutic applications. Application of NMs in biosensing also allows the use of many novel signal transduction technologies in their preparation. The use of high surface area of NMs plays a crucial role in developing nanobiosensors. These nanoscale structures may include nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanorods, nanofibers, and thin films. Nanobiosensors have greater sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response time. Biosensing technologies include various types of techniques, viz., electrochemical, amperometric, voltametric, fluorescence, etc. Particularly, fluorescence-based sensing technologies possess many advantages in their detection, viz., simple instrumentation, less background signals or noise, and having potential for multiplexed analysis. Similarly, colorimetric sensors have been well-known for their naked eye visualization, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness features. This chapter describes the advancements in promising NMs which are aimed for on-site clinical applications and those which can be used as a personalized diagnostic device in different disease conditions.

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Abbreviations

AAB:

Anti-Apolipoprotein B

Ab1:

Primary antibody

Ab2:

Target antibody

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ADDLs:

Amyloid β-derived diffusible ligands

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

ApoE:

Apolipoprotein E

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BDBA:

Benzenediboronic acid

BOx:

Bilirubin oxidase

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CdS:

Cadmium sulfide

CDs:

Carbon dots

CdSe@ZnS:

Cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

ChE:

Cholesterol esterase

ChOx:

Cholesterol oxidase

CNPs:

Carbon nanoparticles

CS@GIANs:

Graphene-isolated-Au-nanocrystal-loaded cellulose paper strips

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

ECG:

Electrocardiography

EGO:

Exfoliated graphene oxide

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

FA:

Folic acid

fap-SiNPs:

Ferrocenyl iminopropyl-modified silica nanoparticle conjugates

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

FTO:

Fluorine-doped tin oxide

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

GNWs:

Gold nanowires

GONPs:

Graphene oxide NPs

GOx:

Glucose oxidase

GQDs:

Graphene quantum dots

gQDs:

Green-emitting quantum dots

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

LSPR:

Localized surface plasmon resonance

MBs:

Magnetic beads

miRNA:

Micro-RNA

MUA:

11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

NiHCFNPs:

Nickel hexacyanoferrate NPs

NiO:

Nickel oxide

NMs:

Nanomaterials

NPG:

Nanoporous gold

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PEDOT:PSS:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene-sulfonate)

PoC:

Point of care

PoCT:

Point of care technologies

Ppy:

Polypyrrole

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

QDs:

Quantum dots

rQDs:

Red-emitting quantum dots

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SPEET:

Surface plasmon-enhanced energy transfer

SPEs:

Screen-printed carbon electrodes

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

TMB:

3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine

WHO:

World Health Organization

β-Gal:

β-galactosidase

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Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the director of CSIR-IHBT for his constant support and encouragement. AA acknowledges financial assistance in the form of project grant MLP-0201 from CSIR and GAP-0214 (EMR/2016/003027) from DST, government of India. CS and SW acknowledge CSIR for their respective SRF fellowship. The CSIR-IHBT communication number for this manuscript is 4530.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Chandni Sharma, Shanka Walia & Amitabha Acharya

  2. Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Chandni Sharma, Shanka Walia & Amitabha Acharya

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  1. Chandni Sharma
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  2. Shanka Walia
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  3. Amitabha Acharya
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Correspondence to Amitabha Acharya .

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  1. Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Amitabha Acharya

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Sharma, C., Walia, S., Acharya, A. (2020). Nanomaterials for Point of Care Disease Detection. In: Acharya, A. (eds) Nanomaterial - Based Biomedical Applications in Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4280-0_4

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