Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radiation Therapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • 481 Accesses

Abstract

Radiotherapy is indicated for the treatment of esophageal cancer both with curative intent and with palliative intent. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for patients in good condition who can receive chemotherapy, based on the results of randomized trial compared chemoradiotherapy with radiotherapy alone. For locally advanced unresectable esophageal cancer, definitive chemoradiotherapy is standard therapy with potentially curative intent. And for resectable esophageal cancer, definitive chemoradiotherapy is a treatment option in an attempt to preserve the esophagus from favorable results of clinical trials. These results are supported by salvage treatment in cases of residual or recurrent disease after chemoradiotherapy. However, high mortality rate of salvage surgery and high incidence of late toxicities after chemoradiotherapy with higher radiation dose are important problems to be solved. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer in Western countries, however, it is investigational in Japan. Recently, prophylactic chemoradiotherapy for patients with pT1b or pT1a involving lymphovascular invasion after endoscopic resection could be a treatment option from favorable result of a clinical trial. Combination chemotherapy of new agents and new radiotherapy techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, proton-beam therapy, and heavy-particle radiotherapy have been evaluated in clinical trials to improve the treatment results including efficacy and toxicity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:277–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation therapy oncology group. JAMA. 1999;281:1623–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Herskovic A, Martz K, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1593–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kato H, Sato A, Fukuda H, et al. A phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy for stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Japan clinical oncology group study (JCOG9708). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2009;39:638–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kato K, Muro K, Minashi K, Gastrointestinal oncology study group of the Japan clinical oncology group (JCOG), et al. Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for stage II-III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: JCOG trial (JCOG 9906). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:684–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishida K, Ando N, Yamamoto S, et al. Phase II study of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with concurrent radiotherapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a Japan esophageal oncology group (JEOG)/Japan clinical oncology group trial (JCOG9516). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:615–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nishimura Y, Suzuki M, Nakamatsu K, et al. Prospective trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with protracted infusion of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for T4 esophageal cancer with or without fistula. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ohtsu A, Boku N, Muro K, et al. Definitive chemoradiotherapy for T4 and/or M1 lymph node squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2915–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Minashi K, Nihei K, Mizusawa J, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic resection and selective chemoradiotherapy for stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:382–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Leong T, Everitt C, Yuen K, et al. A prospective study to evaluate the impact of FDG-PET on CT-based radiotherapy treatment planning for oesophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2006;78:254–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mizowaki T, Nishimura Y, Shimada Y, et al. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;36:1091–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gao XS, Qiao X, Wu F, et al. Pathological analysis of clinical target volume margin for radiotherapy in patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:389–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, et al. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg. 1994;220:364–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang W, Li B, Gong H, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastases and its implication in radiotherapeutic clinical target volume in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a report of 1077 cases. Radiother Oncol. 2010;95:229–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tachimori Y, Nagai Y, Kanamori N, et al. Pattern of lymph node metastases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the anatomical lymphatic drainage system. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24:33–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Akutsu Y, Kato K, Igaki H, et al. The prevalence of overall and initial lymph node metastases in clinical T1N0 thoracic esophageal cancer: from the results of JCOG0502, a prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2016;264:1009–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Onozawa M, Nihei K, Ishikura S, et al. Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) in definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92:266–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang X, Miao C, Chen Z, et al. Can involved-field irradiation replace elective nodal irradiation in chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:2087–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Yaremko BP, Guerrero TM, McAleer MF, et al. Determination of respiratory motion for distal esophagus cancer using four-dimensional computed tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:145–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fenkell L, Kaminsky I, Breen S, et al. Dosimetric comparison of IMRT vs. 3D conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the cervical esophagus. Radiother Oncol. 2008;89:287–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, et al. INT 0123 (radiation therapy oncology group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1167–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kenjo M, Uno T, Murakami Y, et al. Radiation therapy for esophageal cancer in Japan: results of the patterns of care study 1999-2001. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75:357–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Asakura H, Hashimoto T, Zenda S, et al. Analysis of dose-volume histogram parameters for radiation pneumonitis after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2010;95:240–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fukada J, Shigematsu N, Takeuchi H, et al. Symptomatic pericardial effusion after chemoradiation therapy in esophageal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;87:487–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Konski A, Li T, Christensen M, et al. Symptomatic cardiac toxicity is predicted by dosimetric and patient factors rather than changes in 18F-FDG PET determination of myocardial activity after chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2012;104:72–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee HK, Vaporciyan AA, Cox JD, et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications after preoperative chemoradiation for esophageal carcinoma: correlation with pulmonary dose-volume histogram parameters. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:1317–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang SL, Liao Z, Vaporciyan AA, et al. Investigation of clinical and dosimetric factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in esophageal cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:692–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A, et al. Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3):S10–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Akagi Y, Hirokawa Y, Kagemoto M, et al. Optimum fractionation for high-dose-rate endoesophageal brachytherapy following external irradiation of early stage esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:525–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ishikawa H, Nonaka T, Sakurai H, et al. Usefulness of intraluminal brachytherapy combined with external beam radiation therapy for submucosal esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76:452–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nemoto K, Yamada S, Nishio M, JASTRO Study Group, et al. Results of radiation therapy for superficial esophageal cancer using the standard radiotherapy method recommended by the Japanese society of therapeutic radiology and oncology (JASTRO) study group. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(2B):1507–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nishimura Y, Okuno Y, Ono K, et al. External beam radiation therapy with or without high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1999;86:220–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Okawa T, Dokiya T, Nishio M, et al. Multi-institutional randomized trial of external radiotherapy with and without intraluminal brachytherapy for esophageal cancer in Japan. Japanese society of therapeutic radiology and oncology (JASTRO) study group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:623–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yamada K, Murakami M, Okamoto Y, et al. Treatment results of chemoradiotherapy for clinical stage I (T1N0M0) esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1106–011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Yorozu A, Dokiya T, Oki Y, et al. Curative radiotherapy with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localized esophageal carcinoma: dose-effect relationship of brachytherapy with the balloon type applicator system. Radiother Oncol. 1999;51:133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bergquist H, Wenger U, Johnsson E, et al. Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dis Esophagus. 2005;18:131–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Homs MY, Steyerberg EW, Eijkenboom WM, et al. Single-dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gaspar LE, Nag S, Herskovic A, et al. American brachytherapy society (ABS) consensus guidelines for brachytherapy of esophageal cancer. Clinical research committee, American brachytherapy society, Philadelphia, PA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:127–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: II. A critical review of radiotherapy. Br J Surg. 1980;67:457–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Okawa T, Kita M, Tanaka M, et al. Results of radiotherapy for inoperable locally advanced esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:49–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kawashima M, Kagami Y, Toita T, et al. Prospective trial of radiotherapy for patients 80 years of age or older with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1112–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shinoda M, Ando N, Kato K, Japan Clinical Oncology Group, et al. Randomized study of low-dose versus standard-dose chemoradiotherapy for unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (JCOG0303). Cancer Sci. 2015;106:407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Nishimura Y, Mitsumori M, Hiraoka M, et al. A randomized phase II study of cisplatin/5-FU concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: short-term infusion versus protracted infusion chemotherapy (KROSG0101/JROSG021). Radiother Oncol. 2009;92:260–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nishimura Y, Hiraoka M, Koike R, et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized phase II study of cisplatin/5-FU concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer (KROSG0101/JROSG021). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012;42:807–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stahl M, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, et al. Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2310–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Conroy T, Galais MP, Raoul JL, Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive and UNICANCER-GI Group, et al. Definitive chemoradiotherapy with FOLFOX versus fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with oesophageal cancer (PRODIGE5/ACCORD17): final results of a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:305–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Crosby T, Hurt CN, Falk S, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with oesophageal cancer (SCOPE1): a multicentre, phase 2/3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:627–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Suntharalingam M, Winter K, Ilson D, et al. Effect of the addition of cetuximab to paclitaxel, cisplatin, and radiation therapy for patients with esophageal cancer: the NRG oncology RTOG 0436 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:1520–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Higuchi K, Komori S, Tanabe S, Kitasato Digestive Disease and Oncology Group, et al. Definitive chemoradiation therapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF-R) in advanced esophageal cancer: a phase 2 trial (KDOG 0501-P2). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;89:872–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. de Castro JG, Segalla JG, de Azevedo SJ, et al. A randomised phase II study of chemoradiotherapy with or without nimotuzumab in locally advanced oesophageal cancer: NICE trial. Eur J Cancer. 2018;88:21–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Satake H, Tahara M, Mochizuki S, et al. A prospective, multicenter phase I/II study of induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil (DCF) followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;78:91–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Yokota T, Kato K, Hamamoto Y, et al. Phase II study of chemoselection with docetaxel plus cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil induction chemotherapy and subsequent conversion surgery for locally advanced unresectable oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2016;115:1328–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Kato K, Ura T, Koizumi W, et al. Nimotuzumab combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in Japanese patients with esophageal cancer: a phase I study. Cancer Sci. 2018;109:785–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Tahara M, Fuse N, Mizusawa J, et al. Phase I/II trial of chemoradiotherapy with concurrent S-1 and cisplatin for clinical stage II/III esophageal carcinoma (JCOG 0604). Cancer Sci. 2015;106:1414–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouché O, et al. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1160–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ken K, Igaki H, Ito Y, et al. Parallel-group controlled trial of esophagectomy versus chemoradiotherapy in patients with clinical stage I esophageal carcinoma (JCOG0502). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:7.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kato K, Nakajima TE, Ito Y, et al. Phase II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy at the dose of 50.4 Gy with elective nodal irradiation for stage II-III esophageal carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43:608–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Swisher SG, Winter KA, Komaki RU, et al. A phase II study of a paclitaxel-based chemoradiation regimen with selective surgical salvage for resectable locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer: initial reporting of RTOG 0246. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82:1967–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Swisher SG, Moughan J, Komaki RU, et al. Final results of NRG oncology RTOG 0246: an organ-preserving selective resection strategy in esophageal cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiation. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12:368–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ito Y, Takeuchi H, Ogawa G, et al. A single-arm confirmatory study of definitive chemoradiotherapy including salvage treatment in patients with clinical stage II/III esophageal carcinoma (JCOG0909). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:4051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Makazu M, Kato K, Takisawa H, et al. Feasibility of endoscopic mucosal resection as salvage treatment for patients with local failure after definitive chemoradiotherapy for stage IB, II, and III esophageal squamous cell cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27:42–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Swisher SG, Wynn P, Putnam JB, et al. Salvage esophagectomy for recurrent tumors after definitive chemotherapy and radiotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:175–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tachimori Y, Kanamori N, Uemura N, et al. Salvage esophagectomy after high-dose chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Yano T, Muto M, Hattori S, et al. Long-term results of salvage endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with local failure after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Endoscopy. 2008;40:717–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:161–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:305–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee JL, Park SI, Kim SB, et al. A single institutional phase III trial of preoperative chemotherapy with hyperfractionation radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:947–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Gebski V, Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group, Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, et al. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:659–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, CROSS study group, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1090–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, CROSS Group, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2074–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hashimoto J, Kato K, Ito Y, et al. Phase II feasibility study of preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil and elective lymph node irradiation for clinical stage II/III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019;24:60–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, et al. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:226–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:681–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Deng HY, Wang WP, Wang YC, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the options for neoadjuvant therapy for treating oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51:421–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nakamura K, Kato K, Igaki H, Japan Esophageal Oncology Group/Japan Clinical Oncology Group, et al. Three-arm phase III trial comparing cisplatin plus 5-FU (CF) versus docetaxel, cisplatin plus 5-FU (DCF) versus radiotherapy with CF (CF-RT) as preoperative therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer (JCOG1109, NExT study). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43:752–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rosenberg JC, Franklin R, Steiger Z. Squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: an interdisciplinary approach. Curr Probl Cancer. 1981;5:1–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Coia LR, Soffen EM, Schultheiss TE, et al. Swallowing function in patients with esophageal cancer treated with concurrent radiation and chemotherapy. Cancer. 1993;71:281–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ikeda E, Kojima T, Kaneko K, et al. Efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy as a palliative treatment in stage IVB esophageal cancer patients with dysphagia. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011;41:964–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Penniment MG, De Ieso PB, Harvey JA, TROG 03.01/CCTG ES.2 group, et al. Palliative chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for dysphagia in advanced oesophageal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (TROG 03.01). Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3:114–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fuccio L, Mandolesi D, Farioli A, et al. Brachytherapy for the palliation of dysphagia owing to esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiother Oncol. 2017;122:332–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Nemoto K, Takai Y, Ogawa Y, et al. Fatal hemorrhage in irradiated esophageal cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 1998;37:259–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ishikura S, Nihei K, Ohtsu A, et al. Long-term toxicity after definitive chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2697–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Morota M, Gomi K, Kozuka T, et al. Late toxicity after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75:122–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Brunner TB, Rupp A, Melzner W, et al. Esophageal cancer. A prospective phase II study of concomitant-boost external-beam chemoradiation with a top-up endoluminal boost. Strahlenther Onkol. 2008;184:15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gaspar LE, Winter K, Kocha WI, et al. A phase I/II study of external beam radiation, brachytherapy, and concurrent chemotherapy for patients with localized carcinoma of the esophagus (radiation therapy oncology group study 9207): final report. Cancer. 2000;88:988–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kumar S, Dimri K, Khurana R, et al. A randomised trial of radiotherapy compared with cisplatin chemo-radiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83:139–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Nishimura Y, Nagata K, Katano S, Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases, et al. Severe complications in advanced esophageal cancer treated with radiotherapy after intubation of esophageal stents: a questionnaire survey of the Japanese society for esophageal diseases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:1327–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Francis SR, Orton A, Thorpe C, et al. Toxicity and outcomes in patients with and without esophageal stents in locally advanced esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;99:884–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Sugahara S, Tokuuye K, Okumura T, et al. Clinical results of proton beam therapy for cancer of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:76–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mizumoto M, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, et al. Clinical results of proton-beam therapy for locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2010;186:482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lin SH, Komaki R, Liao Z, et al. Proton beam therapy and concurrent chemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83:e345–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Ishikawa H, Hashimoto T, Moriwaki T, et al. Proton beam therapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2015;35:1757–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Akutsu Y, Yasuda S, Nagata M, et al. A phase I/II clinical trial of preoperative short-course carbon-ion radiotherapy for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol. 2012;105:750–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Yoshinori Ito

Authors
  1. Yoshinori Ito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshinori Ito .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Goodwill Hospital, Yokohama, Japan

    Nobutoshi Ando

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ito, Y. (2020). Radiation Therapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In: Ando, N. (eds) Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4190-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4190-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4189-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4190-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation