Basic Theories of Representative System

Zhou, Yezhong

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_1

Yezhong Zhou³

11 Accesses

Abstract

In constitutional studies and political science, the “Representative System” is an old topic for discussion with a long history. Although the term “Representative System” in the modern sense has been in use only for centuries, its theoretical origin and political practice can be traced back to the distant classical era. Unfortunately, the reflections upon the “Representative System” within disparate theoretical frameworks are still far from being thorough and sufficient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 139.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 179.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Makesi Engesi Quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 7, p. 304. cf. Marx, K and F. Engels (1850) Review of Latter-Day Pamphlets, edited by Thomas Carlyle.
2.
Some scholars hold that the word “Democracy” originated in the west, but the easterners first used it. cf. Huang, D. Q. et al. (1993) Shehui zhuyi minzhu: kuashiji de chensi [Socialist Democracy: Millennium reflection], Beijing: China Renmin University Press, p. 13.
3.
Herodotus (1959) Lishi (II) [Histories (II)], trans. Wang Y. Z., Beijing: The Commercial Press, pp. 80–82.
4.
Thucydides (2005) Boluobennisa zhanzhengshi (II) [The Peloponnesian War (II)], trans. Xie D. F., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 371. cf. https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/history-of-peloponnesian-war-ebook.html. p. 59.
5.
Cf. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, entry “Democracy”.
6.
Makesi Engesi Xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 4, p. 103. cf. Engels, F. (1884) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.
7.
Qiu, D. H. (1993) Zhongguo minzhu zhengzhi lun [On Chinese and Western Democratic Politics], Beijing: China Worker Press, p. 4.
8.
Liening Xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 201. cf. Lenin, V. (1917) The State and Revolution.
9.
Xu, C. D. & He H. H. (1982) Xianfa yu minzhu zhidu [Constitution and Democratic System], Wuhan: Hubei People’s Press, p. 45.
10.
Ibid, pp. 45–46.
11.
Cf. Chapter 2 of this book.
12.
Gu, B. X. (1988) Minquan zhuyi minzhu zhengzhi lun [On Principle of Civil Rights in Democratic Politics], Taipei: San Min Book Co., Ltd., pp. 393–396.
13.
Tatsukichi, M. (1927) Xianfaxue yuanli [Principles of Constitutional Law], trans. Ou Z. Y. and He Z. L., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 227.
14.
Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans, Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 68. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 87.
15.
Brett, S. (1936) Yingguo xianzhengshi tan [On the History of the British Constitution], trans. Chen S. D., Taipei: The Commercial Press, p. 81. cf. Brett, S. (1929) The Story of the British Constitution, London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son Limited, p. 81.
16.
Benton, W. (ed.) (1929/1964) Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, London, Toronto, Geneva and Sydney: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., vol. 7, p. 215.
17.
Meiguo baike quanshu [The Encyclopedia Americana], vol. 2, p. 387. cf. The Encyclopedia Americana (1829/1985), Danbury: Grolier Incorporated, vol. 23, p. 410.
18.
The “government” here does not refer to “administrative organs”, but a unity of legislation, jurisdiction and administration.
19.
Cf. Jianming zhengzhixue cidian [Concise Dictionary of Politics] (1985), Jilin People’s Press; Jianming zhengzhixue cidian [Concise Dictionary of Political Science] (1986), Henan People’s Press; Zhengzhixue changjian mingci qianshi [A Brief Explanation of Common Terms in Political Science] (1984), People’s Publishing House; Shijie yihui cidian [Dictionary of World Parliaments] (1987), China Radio & Television Publishing House; Wang, Z. H. (1989) Minzhu yu zhongguoren [Democracy and Chinese People], China Radio & Television Publishing House, p. 52.
20.
Zhongguo da baikequanshu: Faxue [Encyclopedia of China: Law] (1984), Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, entry “parliamentary system”.
21.
Zhao, C. F. (1986) Zhengzhixue xinlun [New Theory of Politics], Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, p. 154.
22.
He, H. H. (1992) Renmin daibiao dahui zhidu de lilun yu shijian [Theory and Practice of People’s Congress System], Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, p. 1.
23.
Zhang, G. B. (1984) Xianfa lun [On Constitution], Changchun: Jilin People’s Press, p. 95.
24.
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 651. cf. Lenin, V. (1916) Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Captitalism.
25.
Professor Birch thinks that there are three applications of the term “representation”. cf. Birch, A. H. (1971) Representation, London: Pall Mall Press Ltd., p. 19.
26.
Miller, D. and V. Bogdanor (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 647.
27.
Iwai, T. (1990) Lifa guocheng [Legal Process], trans. Li W., Beijing: The Economic Daily Press, p. 3.
28.
Birch, A. (1971) Representation, London: Pall Mall Press Ltd., pp. 122–123.
29.
Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans. Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 81. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, pp. 104–105.
30.
Cited in Lipset, S. (1993) Zhengzhiren [Political Man], trans. Liu G. M. & Nie R, Beijing: The Commercial Press, p1. cf. Lipset, S. (1960) Political Man: The social bases of politics, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 1.
31.
Rawls, J. (1988) Zhengyi lun [A Theory of Justice], trans. He H. H., He B. G. and Liao S. B., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 212. cf. Raws, J. (1971/1999) A Theory of Justice, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 195.
32.
Lipset, S. (1993) Zhengzhi ren [Political Man], trans. Liu G. M. & Nie R., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 18. cf. Lipset, S. (1960) Political Man: The social bases of politics, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 32.
33.
Easton, D. (1989) Zhengzhi shenghuo de xitong fenxi [A Systematic Analysis of Political Life], trans. Wang P. Q., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 280. cf. Easton, D. (1965) A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York, London and Sydney: John, Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 251.
34.
Easton, D. (1989) Zhengzhi shenghuo de xitong fenxi [A Systematic Analysis of Political Life], trans. Wang P. Q., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 280. cf. Easton, D. (1965) A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York, London and Sydney: John, Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 252.
35.
Birch, A. H. (1971) Representation, London: Pall Mall Press Ltd., p. 123. cf. Easton, D. (1965) A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York, London and Sydney: John, Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 253.
36.
Easton, D. (1989) Zhengzhi shenghuo de xitong fenxi [A Systematic Analysis of Political Life], trans. Wang P. Q., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, pp. 280–281.
37.
Miliband, R. (1988) Yingguo ziben zhuyi minzhuzhi [Capitalist Democracy in Britain], trans. Bo Q. & Xiang D., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 47. cf. Miliband, R. (1982) Capitalist Democracy in Britain, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 38.
38.
Montesquieu (1982) Lun fa de jingshen [The Spirit of Laws], trans. Zhang Y. S., Beijing: The Commercial Press, pp. 158–159. cf. Montesquieu (1777) The Spirit of Laws, The Online Library of Liberty © 2004 Liberty Fund, Inc., p. 190.
39.
Wisti, F. (1990) Beioushi minzhu [Nordic Democracy], trans. Zhao Z. Q., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 51.
40.
Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans. Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 80. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 103.
41.
Cited in Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 475.
42.
Wilson, W. (1990) Guohui zhengti [Congressional Government], trans. Xiong X. L. & Lv D. B., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 167. cf. Wison, W. (1885/2011) Congressional Government, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 150.
43.
Birch, A. H. (1971) Representation, London: Pall Mall Press Ltd., pp. 107–108.
44.
Mayo, H. B. (1960) An Introduction to Democratic Theory, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
45.
Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 475.
46.
Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 92.
47.
Beetham, D. (1989) Makesi Weibo yu xiandai zhengzhi lilun [Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics], trans. Xu H. B., Xu J. H. & Kang L. W., Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, p. 99, p. 101.
48.
This topic will be further discussed in Chap. 3.
49.
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 29, p. 276.
50.
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 4, p. 173. cf. Engels, F. (1884) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.
51.
Locke, J. (1690/1988) Two Treatises of Government, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 363.
52.
Cao, P. L. et al. (1993) Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System], Shanghai: Fudan University Press, p. 137.
53.
Magna Carta, Article 61.
54.
Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans. Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 102. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 131.
55.
Cf. Attlee’s Speech to the Business Association after the British general election during WWII.
56.
Luxemburg, R. (1940) The Russian Revolution, trans. Bertram Wolfe, New York: Workers Age Publishers. www.maxists.org/archive/Luxemburg/ [last accessed 5 June 2021].
57.
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 7, pp. 444–445. cf. Lenin, V. (1904) What We Are Working For (To the Party).
58.
Cf. Schmitt, C. (1985) The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press, p. 2.
59.
Cf. Schmitt, C. (1985) The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press, p. 2.
60.
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), 1^st edition, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 5, p. 449. cf. Lenin, V. (1902) What Is To Be Done?
61.
Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1965), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 338. cf. Marx. K. (1843) Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.
62.
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1958), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 10, pp. 214–215. cf. Lenin, V. (1920) A Contribution to the History of the Question the Dictatorship.
63.
Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political Institutions], trans. Liu Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press· China, p. 36.
64.
Bogdanor, V. (1985) Representatives of the People? Gower, England, p. 3.
65.
Locke, J. (1982) Zhengfu lun (II) [On Government (II)], trans. Qu J. L. & Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press China, pp. 150–151. cf. Locke, J. (1690/1988) Two Treatises of Government, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 427.
66.
Burke, E. (1866) Works (II), Boston: Little, Brown Company, pp. 95–96.
67.
Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans. Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, Chapter 12. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 222.
68.
Cf. Birch, A. (1971). Representation, London: Pall Mall Press Ltd., p. 79.
69.
Cf. Eulau, H., Wahlke, J., Buchanan, W. and Ferguson, L. (1959) The Role of the Representative: Some empirical observations on the theory of Edmund Burke, American Political Science Review 53(3):744.
70.
Baku wrote, “It shall be considered beatific and glorious for a senator to have the most intimate contact and the most prevalent communication with his voters.… However, he should never compromise his unbiased opinion, his sophisticated judgment and clear conscience for the voters or any individual or group.… The parliament is not a place for the representatives of different stakes to advocate their respective interest or to oppose other deputies of other stakes, but rather a collegiate bench of the people of unanimous stakes. Moreover, because it is not an institution designed for local needs, rather than a place for local bias, it is a collegiate bench that operates by the universal reason of all the citizens. Please remember that, once the senator has been elected, he would be not only a senator of the Bristol constituency, but also a senator of the parliament of the United Kingdom.”.
71.
Cf. The Constitution of 1791 (French), Sect. 3 of Chap. 1.
72.
Cf. Weimar Constitution, Article 21, Second Chapter of Part One.
73.
Sa, M. W. (1986) Zhengzhi xue [Political Science], Taipei: San Min Book Co., Ltd., p. 170.
74.
Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political Institutions], trans. Liu Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press ·China, p. 36.
75.
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 150. cf. Lenin, V. (1917) The State and Revolution.
76.
Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 646.
77.
Some scholars hold these two are parallel, but I consider them to be the same in nature while the latter is more sophisticated.
78.
Mao Zedong xuanji [Selected Works of Mao Tsetung] (1991), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 1057.
79.
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 55. cf. Marx, K. (1871) The Civil War in France.
80.
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, pp. 58–60; see also Xu, C. D. & He H. H. (1987) ‘Sanquan fenli yu yixing heyi de bijiao yanjiu’ [A Comparative Study of Separation of Powers and Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers], Faxue pinglun [Law Review], (5). cf. Marx, K. (1871) The Civil War in France.
81.
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 296.
82.
Cf. Lan, W. Q. (1989) Dui ‘Yixing heyi’ de zairenshi [Re-Examination of Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers, Zhengzhixue yanjiu [Journal of Political Science], (5); Wang, Y. M. (1989) ‘Yixing heyi bushi woguo guojia jigou de zuzhi yuanze’ [Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers Is Not Organizational Principle of China’s State Organs], Zhongguo renmin daxue baokan fuyin ziliao: Faxue [Periodical Literatures Reprinted by China Renmin University: Law], (8).
83.
Cf. Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 4, p. 395, and vol. 3, p. 226.
84.
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 4, p. 254. cf. Lenin, V. (1920) Terms of Admission into Communist International.
85.
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 55. cf. Marx, K. (1871) The Civil War in France.
86.
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, pp. 12–13. cf. Engels, F. (1891) An Introduction to The Civil War in France.
87.
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, pp. 12–13. cf. Lenin, V. (1917) Draft Decree on the Right of Recall.
88.
The 1977 Constitution of the USSR, Article 107.
89.
The 1972 Constitution of the DPRK, Article 8.
90.
The 1982 Constitution of PRC, Article 77, Section 1.
91.
Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political Institutions], trans. Liu Q. L. & Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press ·China, p. 252.

References

Beetham, D. (1989). Makesi Weibo yu xiandai zhengzhi lilun [Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics] (H. B. Xu, J. H. Xu, & L. W. Kang, Trans.). Zhejiang People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Benton, W. (Ed.). (1929/1964) Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
Google Scholar
Birch, A. (1971). Representation. Pall Mall Press Ltd.
Book Google Scholar
Bogdanor, V. (1985. Representatives of the people? Gower, England.
Google Scholar
Brett, S. (1929). The story of the British constitution. Blackie & Son Limited.
Google Scholar
Brett, S. (1936) Yingguo xianzhengshi tan [On the History of the British Constitution] (S. D. Chen, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Burke, E. (1866). Works (II). Little, Brown Company.
Google Scholar
Cao, P. L., et al. (1993). Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System]. Fudan University Press.
Google Scholar
Easton, D. (1965). A systems analysis of political life. Wiley.
Google Scholar
Easton, D. (1989). Zhengzhi shenghuo de xitong fenxi [A Systematic Analysis of Political Life] (P. Q. Wang, Trans.). Hua Xia Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Engels, F. (1884). The origin of the family, private property and the state.
Google Scholar
Engels, F. (1891). An introduction to the civil war in France.
Google Scholar
Eulau, H., Wahlke, J., Buchanan, W., & Ferguson, L. (1959). The role of the representative: Some empirical observations on the theory of Edmund Burke. American Political Science Review, 53(3), 744.
Article Google Scholar
Gu, B. X. (1988). Minquan zhuyi minzhu zhengzhi lun [On Principle of Civil Rights in Democratic Politics]. San Min Book Co., Ltd.
Google Scholar
He, H. H. (1992). Renmin daibiao dahui zhidu de lilun yu shijian [Theory and Practice of People’s Congress System]. Wuhan University Press.
Google Scholar
Herodotus. (1959). Lishi (II) [Histories (II)] (Y. Z. Wang, Trans.) The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Huang, D. Q., et al. (1993). Shehui zhuyi minzhu: kuashiji de chensi [Socialist Democracy: Millennium reflection]. China Renmin University Press.
Google Scholar
Iwai, T. (1990). Lifa guocheng [Legal Process] (W. Li, Trans.). The Economic Daily Press.
Google Scholar
Jianming zhengzhixue cidian [Concise Dictionary of Political Science] (1986). Henan People’s Press.
Google Scholar
Jianming zhengzhixue cidian [Concise Dictionary of Politics] (1985). Jilin People’s Press.
Google Scholar
Lan, W. Q. (1989). Dui ‘Yixing heyi’ de zairenshi [Re-Examination of Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers. Zhengzhixue yanjiu [Journal of Political Science], (5).
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1902) What is to be done?
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1904). What we are working for (To the Party).
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1916). Imperialism, the highest stage of Captitalism.
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1917). Draft decree on the right of recall.
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1917). The state and revolution.
Google Scholar
Lenin, V. (1920). Terms of admission into communist international.
Google Scholar
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1956). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 29).
Google Scholar
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959). People’s Publishing House (1st ed., Vol. 5).
Google Scholar
Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 7).
Google Scholar
Liening Xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 3).
Google Scholar
Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 4).
Google Scholar
Lipset, S. (1960). Political Man: The social bases of politics. Doubleday & Company Inc.
Google Scholar
Lipset, S. (1993). Zhengzhi ren [Political Man] (G. M. Liu & R. Nie, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1690/1988). Two treatises of government. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1982). Zhengfu lun (II) [On Government (II)] (J. L. Qu & G. B. Zhang, Trans.). Law Press China.
Google Scholar
Luxemburg, R. (1940). The Russian revolution (Bertram Wolfe, Trans.). Workers Age Publishers. Retrieved June 5, 2021, from www.maxists.org/archive/Luxemburg/
Makesi Engesi Quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1959). People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1965). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 1).
Google Scholar
Makesi Engesi Xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 4).
Google Scholar
Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 3).
Google Scholar
Mao Zedong xuanji [Selected Works of Mao Tsetung] (1991). People’s Publishing House (Vol. 3).
Google Scholar
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1850). Review of latter-day pamphlets (Thomas Carlyle, Ed.).
Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1871). The civil war in France.
Google Scholar
Marx. K. (1843). Critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right.
Google Scholar
Mayo, H. B. (1960). An introduction to democratic theory. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Meiguo baike quanshu [The Encyclopedia Americana] (Vol. 2).
Google Scholar
Miliband, R. (1982). Capitalist democracy in Britain. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Miliband, R. (1988). Yingguo ziben zhuyi minzhuzhi [Capitalist Democracy in Britain] (Q. Bo & D. Xiang, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Mill, J. (1861/2008). Considerations on representative government. The Electric Book Company.
Google Scholar
Mill, J. (1982). Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government] (X. Wang, Trans.) The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Miller, D., & Bogdanor, V. (Eds.). (1992). The Blackwell encyclopedia of political science. Wiley-Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Montesquieu. (1777). The spirit of laws, The Online Library of Liberty © 2004 Liberty Fund, Inc.
Google Scholar
Montesquieu. (1982). Lun fa de jingshen [The Spirit of Laws] (Y. S. Zhang, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Qiu, D. H. (1993) Zhongguo minzhu zhengzhi lun [On Chinese and Western Democratic Politics]. China Worker Press.
Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1988). Zhengyi lun [A Theory of Justice] (H. H. He, B. G. He, & S. B. Liao, Trans.). China Social Sciences Press.
Google Scholar
Raws, J. (1971/1999). A theory of justice. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
Sa, M. W. (1986). Zhengzhi xue [Political Science]. San Min Book Co., Ltd.
Google Scholar
Satou, I. (1984). Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political Institutions] (Q. L. Liu & G. B. Zhang, Trans.). Law Press·China.
Google Scholar
Schmitt, C. (1985). The crisis of parliamentary democracy. The MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Shijie yihui cidian [Dictionary of World Parliaments] (1987). China Radio & Television Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Tatsukichi, M. (1927). Xianfaxue yuanli [Principles of Constitutional Law] (Z. Y. Ou & Z. L. He, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
The Encyclopedia Americana (1829/1985). Grolier Incorporated (Vol. 23).
Google Scholar
Thucydides. (2005). Boluobennisa zhanzhengshi (II) [The Peloponnesian War (II)] (D. F. Xie, Trans.). The Commercial Press. cf. https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/history-of-peloponnesian-war-ebook.html, p. 59.
Wang, Y. M. (1989). ‘Yixing heyi bushi woguo guojia jigou de zuzhi yuanze’ [Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers Is Not Organizational Principle of China’s State Organs], Zhongguo renmin daxue baokan fuyin ziliao: Faxue [Periodical Literatures Reprinted by China Renmin University: Law], (8).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. H. (1989). Minzhu yu zhongguoren [Democracy and Chinese People]. China Radio & Television Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Wilson, W. (1990). Guohui zhengti [Congressional Government] (X. L. Xiong & D. B. Lv, Trans.). The Commercial Press.
Google Scholar
Wison, W. (1885/2011). Congressional government. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Google Scholar
Wisti, F. (1990). Beioushi minzhu [Nordic Democracy] (Z. Q. Zhao, Trans.). China Social Sciences Press.
Google Scholar
Xu, C. D., & He H. H. (1982). Xianfa yu minzhu zhidu [Constitution and Democratic System]. Hubei People’s Press.
Google Scholar
Xu, C. D., & He, H. H. (1987). Sanquan fenli yu yixing heyi de bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Separation of Powers and Combination of Legislative and Executive Powers], Faxue pinglun [Law Review], (5). Marx, K. (1871). The civil war in France.
Google Scholar
Zhang, G. B. (1984). Xianfa lun [On Constitution]. Jilin People’s Press.
Google Scholar
Zhao, C. F. (1986). Zhengzhixue xinlun [New Theory of Politics]. Northeast Normal University Press.
Google Scholar
Zhengzhixue changjian mingci qianshi [A Brief Explanation of Common Terms in Political Science]. People’s Publishing House.
Google Scholar
Zhongguo da baikequanshu: Faxue [Encyclopedia of China: Law] (1984), Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

School of Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Yezhong Zhou

Authors

Yezhong Zhou
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yezhong Zhou .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhou, Y. (2024). Basic Theories of Representative System. In: A Comparative Study of Representative Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_1

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_1
Published: 28 March 2024
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4185-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4186-5
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics