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Pharmacology of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and Their Receptors

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Abstract

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are important catecholamines of the biological system, responsible for the regulation of major functions of the body via their action on the brain. This noradrenaline is the chief neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, whereas adrenaline is an important metabolic hormone, known to play a vital role in the cardiovascular system and a mediator of the fight-or-flight response. These catecholamines act in the system through the membrane-bound GPCRs, adrenergic receptors (ARs). Two major classes of ARs, α-ARs and β-ARs, facilitate a number of functions at central and peripheral sites. There are two subtypes of α-ARs (α1-AR and α2-AR), whereas three different subtypes of β-ARs have been identified—β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR. Based on their role, different AR modulators have been introduced clinically for their therapeutic application. In this chapter, we focus on the pharmacology of the two catecholamines through their action on different ARs within the biosystem and the modulators of ARs towards the treatment of potentially life-threatening conditions.

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Abbreviations

AR:

Adrenergic receptor or adrenoceptor

BP:

Blood pressure

BPH:

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CHF:

Congestive heart failure

CNS:

Central nervous system

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

GPCRs:

G-protein-coupled receptors

HT:

Hydroxytryptamine

KO:

Knockout

L-DOPA:

L-dihydroxyphenylalanine

MDMA:

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleotide

NO:

Nitric oxide

PKA:

Protein kinase A

TM:

Transmembrane

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Bapi Gorain

  2. Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Sulagna Dutta

  3. PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India

    Utpal Nandy

  4. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Pallav Sengupta

  5. School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Hira Choudhury

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India

    Puneet Kumar

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan

    Pran Kishore Deb

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Gorain, B., Dutta, S., Nandy, U., Sengupta, P., Choudhury, H. (2020). Pharmacology of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and Their Receptors. In: Kumar, P., Deb, P.K. (eds) Frontiers in Pharmacology of Neurotransmitters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3556-7_4

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