Abstract
Since the identification of B cells in 1965 (Cooper et al. 1965), three has been tremendous progress in our understanding of B cell development, maturation and function. A number of B cell subpopulations, including B-1, B-2 and regulatory B cells, have been identified. B-1 cells mainly originate from the fetal liver and contain B-1a and B-1b subsets. B-2 cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and can be further classified into follicular B (FOB) and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) function to suppress immune responses, primarily by production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. B cell tolerance is established at several checkpoints, during B cell development in the BM (central tolerance) as well as during B cell maturation and activation in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). This chapter will focus on the regulation of important processes during the development and maturation of B-1 and B-2 cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akashi K, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Weissman IL (2000) A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Nature 404(6774):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1038/35004599
Allman D, Pillai S (2008) Peripheral B cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 20(2):149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.014
Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER et al (1997) A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390(6656):175–179. https://doi.org/10.1038/36593
Arnold LW, Haughton G (1992) Autoantibodies to phosphatidylcholine. The murine antibromelain RBC response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 651:354–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24635.x
Arnold LW, Pennell CA, McCray SK, Clarke SH (1994) Development of B-1 cells: segregation of phosphatidyl choline-specific B cells to the B-1 population occurs after immunoglobulin gene expression. J Exp Med 179(5):1585–1595. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.5.1585
Baumgarth N (2011) The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 11(1):34–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2901
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown L, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (1999) Innate and acquired humoral immunities to influenza virus are mediated by distinct arms of the immune system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(5):2250–2255. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.5.2250
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown LE, Herzenberg LA, Chen J (2000) B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 192(2):271–280. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.2.271
Benedict CL, Kearney JF (1999) Increased junctional diversity in fetal B cells results in a loss of protective anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies in adult mice. Immunity 10(5):607–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80060-6
Benhamou D, Labi V, Novak R, Dai I, Shafir-Alon S, Weiss A et al (2016) A c-Myc/miR17-92/Pten axis controls PI3K-mediated positive and negative selection in B cell development and reconstitutes CD19 deficiency. Cell Rep 16(2):419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.084
Berland R, Wortis HH (2002) Origins and functions of B-1 cells with notes on the role of CD5. Annu Rev Immunol 20:253–300. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064833
Binder CJ, Silverman GJ (2005) Natural antibodies and the autoimmunity of atherosclerosis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 26(4):385–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-004-0185-z
Boes M, Esau C, Fischer MB, Schmidt T, Carroll M, Chen J (1998a). Enhanced B-1 cell development, but impaired IgG antibody responses in mice deficient in secreted IgM. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 160(10): 4776–4787. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9590224
Boes M, Prodeus AP, Schmidt T, Carroll MC, Chen J (1998b) A critical role of natural immunoglobulin M in immediate defense against systemic bacterial infection. J Exp Med 188(12):2381–2386. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.12.2381
Boes M, Schmidt T, Linkemann K, Beaudette BC, Marshak-Rothstein A, Chen J (2000) Accelerated development of IgG autoantibodies and autoimmune disease in the absence of secreted IgM. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(3):1184–1189. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.1184
Casali P, Burastero SE, Nakamura M, Inghirami G, Notkins AL (1987) Human lymphocytes making rheumatoid factor and antibody to ssDNA belong to Leu-1+ B-cell subset. Science (New York, NY) 236(4797):77–81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3105056
Castello A, Gaya M, Tucholski J, Oellerich T, Lu KH, Tafuri A et al (2013) Nck-mediated recruitment of BCAP to the BCR regulates the PI(3)K-Akt pathway in B cells. Nat Immunol 14(9):966–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2685
Cerutti A, Cols M, Puga I (2013) Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 13(2):118–132. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3383
Chang HHY, Pannunzio NR, Adachi N, Lieber MR (2017) Non-homologous DNA end joining and alternative pathways to double-strand break repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18(8):495–506. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2017.48
Chen Y, Park Y-B, Patel E, Silverman GJ (2009) IgM antibodies to apoptosis-associated determinants recruit C1q and enhance dendritic cell phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 182(10):6031–6043. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0804191
Choi YS, Dieter JA, Rothaeusler K, Luo Z, Baumgarth N (2012) B-1 cells in the bone marrow are a significant source of natural IgM. Eur J Immunol 42(1):120–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201141890
Chung EY, Psathas JN, Yu D, Li Y, Weiss MJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A (2012) CD19 is a major B cell receptor-independent activator of MYC-driven B-lymphomagenesis. J Clin Investig 122(6):2257–2266. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI45851
Chung JB, Silverman M, Monroe JG (2003) Transitional B cells: step by step towards immune competence. Trends Immunol 24(6):343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00119-4
Ciubotaru M, Surleac MD, Metskas LA, Koo P, Rhoades E, Petrescu AJ et al (2015) The architecture of the 12RSS in V(D)J recombination signal and synaptic complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 43(2):917–931. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku1348
Cooper MD, Peterson RD, Good RA (1965) Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken. Nature 205:143–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/205143a0
Corcoran AE, Riddell A, Krooshoop D, Venkitaraman AR (1998) Impaired immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in mice lacking the IL-7 receptor. Nature 391(6670):904–907. https://doi.org/10.1038/36122
Coutinho A, Kazatchkine MD, Avrameas S (1995) Natural autoantibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 7(6):812–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-7915(95)80053-0
Cunningham AF, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Dominguez Medina CC, Cook CN, Ross EA et al (2014) B1b cells recognize protective antigens after natural infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 5:535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00535
Curry JD, Geier JK, Schlissel MS (2005) Single-strand recombination signal sequence nicks in vivo: evidence for a capture model of synapsis. Nat Immunol 6(12):1272–1279. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1270
Cyster JG, Hartley SB, Goodnow CC (1994) Competition for follicular niches excludes self-reactive cells from the recirculating B-cell repertoire. Nature 371(6496):389–395. https://doi.org/10.1038/371389a0
Dauphinée M, Tovar Z, Talal N (1988) B cells expressing CD5 are increased in Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 31(5):642–647. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780310509
Driessen RL, Johnston HM, Nilsson SK (2003) Membrane-bound stem cell factor is a key regulator in the initial lodgment of stem cells within the endosteal marrow region. Exp Hematol 31(12):1284–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2003.08.015
Duan B, Morel L (2006) Role of B-1a cells in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 5(6):403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2005.10.007
Esplin BL, Welner RS, Zhang Q, Borghesi LA, Kincade PW (2009) A differentiation pathway for B1 cells in adult bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(14):5773–5778. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811632106
Fearon DT, Locksley RM (1996) The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science (New York, NY) 272(5258):50–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5258.50
Freedman AS, Freeman G, Whitman J, Segil J, Daley J, Nadler LM (1989). Studies of in vitro activated CD5+ B cells. Blood 73(1):202–208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2462935
Ghosn EEB, Yamamoto R, Hamanaka S, Yang Y, Herzenberg LA, Nakauchi H et al (2012) Distinct B-cell lineage commitment distinguishes adult bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(14):5394–5398. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121632109
Godin IE, Garcia-Porrero JA, Coutinho A, Dieterlen-Lièvre F, Marcos MA (1993) Para-aortic splanchnopleura from early mouse embryos contains B1a cell progenitors. Nature 364(6432):67–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/364067a0
Gonzaga WFKM, Xavier V, Vivanco BC, Lopes JD, Xander P (2015) B-1 cells contribute to susceptibility in experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Parasitology 142(12):1506–1515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000943
Graf R, Seagal J, Otipoby KL, Lam K-P, Ayoub S, Zhang B et al (2019) BCR-dependent lineage plasticity in mature B cells. Science (New York, NY) 363(6428):748–753. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8475
Griffin DO, Holodick NE, Rothstein TL (2011) Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ CD70. J Exp Med 208(1):67–80. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20101499
Haas KM, Poe JC, Steeber DA, Tedder TF (2005). B-1a and B-1b cells exhibit distinct developmental requirements and have unique functional roles in innate and adaptive immunity to S. pneumoniae. Immunity 23(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.011
Hamilton AM, Kearney JF (1994) Effects of IgM allotype suppression on serum IgM levels, B-1 and B-2 cells, and antibody responses in allotype heterozygous F1 mice. Dev Immunol 4(1):27–41. https://doi.org/10.1155/1994/45728
Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Miyasaka K, Aozasa K, Koike M, Uchiyama Y et al (2004) Autoimmune disease and impaired uptake of apoptotic cells in MFG-E8-deficient mice. Science (New York, NY) 304(5674):1147–1150. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094359
Hardy RR (2006) B-1 B cell development. J Immunol 177(5):2749–2754. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2749
Hardy RR, Carmack CE, Shinton SA, Riblet RJ, Hayakawa K (1989). A single VH gene is utilized predominantly in anti-BrMRBC hybridomas derived from purified Ly-1 B cells. Definition of the VH11 family. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950), 142(10):3643–3651. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2497178
Hardy RR, Hayakawa K (1991) A developmental switch in B lymphopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(24):11550–11554. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.24.11550
Hardy RR, Hayakawa K (2015) Perspectives on fetal derived CD5+ B1 B cells. Eur J Immunol 45(11):2978–2984. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201445146
Hardy RR, Hayakawa K, Parks DR, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (1984) Murine B cell differentiation lineages. J Exp Med 159(4):1169–1188. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.159.4.1169
Hardy RR, Hayakawa K, Shimizu M, Yamasaki K, Kishimoto T (1987) Rheumatoid factor secretion from human Leu-1+ B cells. Science (New York, NY) 236(4797):81–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3105057
Hartley SB, Cooke MP, Fulcher DA, Harris AW, Cory S, Basten A et al (1993) Elimination of self-reactive B lymphocytes proceeds in two stages: arrested development and cell death. Cell 72(3):325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90111-3
Hayakawa K, Asano M, Shinton SA, Gui M, Allman D, Stewart CL et al (1999) Positive selection of natural autoreactive B cells. Science (New York, NY) 285(5424):113–116. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5424.113
Hayakawa K, Asano M, Shinton SA, Gui M, Wen L-J, Dashoff J et al (2003) Positive selection of anti-thy-1 autoreactive B-1 cells and natural serum autoantibody production independent from bone marrow B cell development. J Exp Med 197(1):87–99. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021459
Hayakawa K, Hardy RR, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (1985) Progenitors for Ly-1 B cells are distinct from progenitors for other B cells. J Exp Med 161(6):1554–1568. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.161.6.1554
Hayakawa K, Hardy RR, Parks DR, Herzenberg LA (1983) The “Ly-1 B” cell subpopulation in normal immunodefective, and autoimmune mice. J Exp Med 157(1):202–218. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.157.1.202
Herzenberg LA (2000). B-1 cells: the lineage question revisited. Immunol. Rev. 175:9–22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933587
Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (1989) Toward a layered immune system. Cell 59(6):953–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90748-4
Hiom K, Gellert M (1998) Assembly of a 12/23 paired signal complex: a critical control point in V(D)J recombination. Mol Cell 1(7):1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80101-x
Hoffmann A, Kerr S, Jellusova J, Zhang J, Weisel F, Wellmann U et al (2007) Siglec-G is a B1 cell-inhibitory receptor that controls expansion and calcium signaling of the B1 cell population. Nat Immunol 8(7):695–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1480
Holodick NE, Vizconde T, Rothstein TL (2014) B-1a cell diversity: nontemplated addition in B-1a cell Ig is determined by progenitor population and developmental location. J Immunol. (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 192(5):2432–2441. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1300247
Hunte BE, Hudak S, Campbell D, Xu Y, Rennick D (1996). flk2/flt3 ligand is a potent cofactor for the growth of primitive B cell progenitors. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950), 156(2):489–496. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8543798
Ikuta K, Kina T, MacNeil I, Uchida N, Peault B, Chien YH et al (1990) A developmental switch in thymic lymphocyte maturation potential occurs at the level of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 62(5):863–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(90)90262-d
Ikuta K, Weissman IL (1992) Evidence that hematopoietic stem cells express mouse c-kit but do not depend on steel factor for their generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(4):1502–1506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.4.1502
Jellusova J, Duber S, Guckel E, Binder CJ, Weiss S, Voll R et al (2010) Siglec-G regulates B1 cell survival and selection. J Immunol. 185(6):3277–3284. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1001792
Jones JM, Gellert M (2002) Ordered assembly of the V(D)J synaptic complex ensures accurate recombination. EMBO J. 21(15):4162–4171. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf394
Kaminski DA, Stavnezer J (2006) Enhanced IgA class switching in marginal zone and B1 B cells relative to follicular/B2 B cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 177(9):6025–6029. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6025
Kantor AB, Merrill CE, Herzenberg LA, Hillson JL (1997). An unbiased analysis of V(H)-D-J(H) sequences from B-1a, B-1b, and conventional B cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950), 158(3):1175–1186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9013957
Kantor AB, Stall AM, Adams S, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA (1992) Differential development of progenitor activity for three B-cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(8):3320–3324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.8.3320
Kasaian MT, Ikematsu H, Casali P (1992). Identification and analysis of a novel human surface CD5- B lymphocyte subset producing natural antibodies. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950), 148(9):2690–2702. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1374094
Kawahara T, Ohdan H, Zhao G, Yang Y-G, Sykes M (2003) Peritoneal cavity B cells are precursors of splenic IgM natural antibody-producing cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 171(10):5406–5414. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5406
Kelsoe G (2015) Heavy-chain receptor editing unbound. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(8):2297–2298. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501480112
Klinman NR (1996) The “clonal selection hypothesis” and current concepts of B cell tolerance. Immunity 5(3):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80314-3
Kondo M, Weissman IL, Akashi K (1997) Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Cell 91(5):661–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80453-5
Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I, Tan HL, Timms E, Capparelli C et al (1999) OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 397(6717):315–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/16852
Kumar R, Bach MP, Mainoldi F, Maruya M, Kishigami S, Jumaa H., Wakayama T, Kanagawa O, Fagarasan S, Casola S. (2015). Antibody repertoire diversification through VH gene replacement in mice cloned from an IgA plasma cell. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 112(5):E450–E457. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417988112
Lalor PA, Herzenberg LA, Adams S, Stall AM (1989a) Feedback regulation of murine Ly-1 B cell development. Eur J Immunol 19(3):507–513. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830190315
Lalor PA, Stall AM, Adams S, Herzenberg LA (1989b) Permanent alteration of the murine Ly-1 B repertoire due to selective depletion of Ly-1 B cells in neonatal animals. Eur J Immunol 19(3):501–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830190314
Lalor PA, Morahan G (1990) The peritoneal Ly-1 (CD5) B cell repertoire is unique among murine B cell repertoires. Eur J Immunol 20(3):485–492. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830200305
Lam KP, Rajewsky K (1999) B cell antigen receptor specificity and surface density together determine B-1 versus B-2 cell development. J Exp Med 190(4):471–477. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.4.471
Landree MA, Kale SB, Roth DB (2001) Functional organization of single and paired V(D)J cleavage complexes. Mol Cell Biol 21(13):4256–4264. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.13.4256-4264.2001
Lee J, Kuchen S, Fischer R, Chang S, Lipsky PE (2009) Identification and characterization of a human CD5+ pre-naive B cell population. J. Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 182(7):4116–4126. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803391
Li S, Liu J, Min Q, Ikawa T, Yasuda S, Yang Y et al (2018) Kelch-like protein 14 promotes B-1a but suppresses B-1b cell development. Int Immunol 30(7):311–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxy033
Lieber MR (2010) The mechanism of double-strand DNA break repair by the nonhomologous DNA end-joining pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 79:181–211. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.052308.093131
Liu Z, Liu Y, Li T, Wang P, Mo X, Lv P et al (2019) Cmtm7 knockout inhibits B-1a cell development at the transitional (TrB-1a) stage. Int Immunol 31(11):715–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxz041
Margry B, Wieland WH, van Kooten PJ, van Eden W, Broere F (2013) Peritoneal cavity B-1a cells promote peripheral CD4+ T-cell activation. Eur J Immunol 43(9):2317–2326. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201343418
Martin RK, Damle SR, Valentine YA, Zellner MP, James BN, Lownik JC et al (2018) B1 cell IgE impedes mast cell-mediated enhancement of parasite expulsion through B2 IgE blockade. Cell Rep 22(7):1824–1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.048
McBlane JF, van Gent DC, Ramsden DA, Romeo C, Cuomo CA, Gellert M et al (1995) Cleavage at a V(D)J recombination signal requires only RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and occurs in two steps. Cell 83(3):387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90116-7
Mercolino TJ, Arnold LW, Haughton G (1986) Phosphatidyl choline is recognized by a series of Ly-1+ murine B cell lymphomas specific for erythrocyte membranes. J Exp Med 163(1):155–165. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.163.1.155
Mercolino TJ, Arnold LW, Hawkins LA, Haughton G (1988) Normal mouse peritoneum contains a large population of Ly-1+ (CD5) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline. Relationship to cells that secrete hemolytic antibody specific for autologous erythrocytes. J Exp Med 168(2):687–698. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.168.2.687
Mercolino TJ, Locke AL, Afshari A, Sasser D, Travis WW, Arnold LW et al (1989) Restricted immunoglobulin variable region gene usage by normal Ly-1 (CD5+) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline. J Exp Med 169(6):1869–1877. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.6.1869
Monroe JG (2004) Ligand-independent tonic signaling in B-cell receptor function. Curr Opin Immunol 16(3):288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2004.03.010
Montecino-Rodriguez E, Leathers H, Dorshkind K (2006) Identification of a B-1 B cell-specified progenitor. Nat Immunol 7(3):293–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1301
Moore MA, Metcalf D (1970) Ontogeny of the haemopoietic system: yolk sac origin of in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells in the developing mouse embryo. Br J Haematol 18(3):279–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1970.tb01443.x
Morrison SJ, Hemmati HD, Wandycz AM, Weissman IL (1995) The purification and characterization of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(22):10302–10306. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.22.10302
Mosser DM, Zhang X (2008) Interleukin-10: new perspectives on an old cytokine. Immunol Rev 226:205–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00706.x
Müller AM, Medvinsky A, Strouboulis J, Grosveld F, Dzierzak E (1994) Development of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryo. Immunity 1(4):291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/1074-7613(94)90081-7
Mundy CL, Patenge N, Matthews AGW, Oettinger MA (2002) Assembly of the RAG1/RAG2 synaptic complex. Mol Cell Biol 22(1):69–77. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.1.69-77.2002
Nagasawa T (2006) Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development. Nat Rev Immunol 6(2):107–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1780
Nagasawa T, Hirota S, Tachibana K, Takakura N, Nishikawa S, Kitamura Y et al (1996) Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 382(6592):635–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/382635a0
Nemazee DA, Bürki K (1989) Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes. Nature 337(6207):562–566. https://doi.org/10.1038/337562a0
Novaes E Brito RR, Dos Santos Toledo M, Labussiere GM, Dupin TV, de Campos Reis NF, Perez EC et al (2019) B-1 cell response in immunity against parasites. Parasitol Res 118(5):1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06211-2
Nussenzweig MC, Alt FW (2004) Antibody diversity: one enzyme to rule them all. Nat Med 10(12):1304–1305. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1204-1304
Opferman JT, Letai A, Beard C, Sorcinelli MD, Ong CC, Korsmeyer SJ (2003) Development and maintenance of B and T lymphocytes requires antiapoptotic MCL-1. Nature 426(6967):671–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02067
Orkin SH, Zon LI (2008) Hematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology. Cell 132(4):631–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.025
Ouchida R, Mori H, Hase K, Takatsu H, Kurosaki T, Tokuhisa T et al (2012) Critical role of the IgM Fc receptor in IgM homeostasis, B-cell survival, and humoral immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(40):E2699–E2706. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210706109
Panda S, Zhang J, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL (2013) Natural IgG antibodies provide innate protection against ficolin-opsonized bacteria. EMBO J 32(22):2905–2919. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2013.199
Pappu R, Cheng AM, Li B, Gong Q, Chiu C, Griffin N et al (1999) Requirement for B cell linker protein (BLNK) in B cell development. Science 286(5446):1949–1954. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5446.1949
Pillai S, Cariappa A (2009) The follicular versus marginal zone B lymphocyte cell fate decision. Nat Rev Immunol 9(11):767–777. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2656
Poe JC, Minard-Colin V, Kountikov EI, Haas KM, Tedder TF (2012) A c-Myc and surface CD19 signaling amplification loop promotes B cell lymphoma development and progression in mice. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 189(5):2318–2325. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1201000
Prieto JMB, Felippe MJB (2017) Development, phenotype, and function of non-conventional B cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 54:38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.002
Prieyl JA, LeBien TW (1996) Interleukin 7 independent development of human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(19):10348–10353. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10348
Quách TD, Hopkins TJ, Holodick NE, Vuyyuru R, Manser T, Bayer R-L et al (2016) Human B-1 and B-2 B cells develop from Lin-CD34+ CD38lo stem cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 197(10):3950–3958. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600630
Ramsden DA, Baetz K, Wu GE (1994) Conservation of sequence in recombination signal sequence spacers. Nucleic Acids Res 22(10):1785–1796. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.10.1785
Ratcliffe MJH (2016) Encyclopedia of immunobiology, 1st edn. Academic Press, UK
Rothstein TL, Quach TD (2015) The human counterpart of mouse B-1 cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1362:143–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12790
Roy B, Agarwal S, Brennecke AM, Krey M, Pabst O, Duber S et al (2013) B-1-cell subpopulations contribute differently to gut immunity. Eur J Immunol 43(8):2023–2032. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201243070
Sato T, Ishikawa S, Akadegawa K, Ito T, Yurino H, Kitabatake M et al (2004) Aberrant B1 cell migration into the thymus results in activation of CD4 T cells through its potent antigen-presenting activity in the development of murine lupus. Eur J Immunol 34(12):3346–3358. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425373
Schatz DG, Ji Y (2011) Recombination centres and the orchestration of V(D)J recombination. Nat Rev Immunol 11(4):251–263. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2941
Seita J, Weissman IL (2010) Hematopoietic stem cell: self-renewal versus differentiation. Wiley Interdisc Rev. Syst Biol Med 2(6):640–653. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.86
Shlyakhtenko LS, Gilmore J, Kriatchko AN, Kumar S, Swanson PC, Lyubchenko YL (2009) Molecular mechanism underlying RAG1/RAG2 synaptic complex formation. J Biol Chem 284(31):20956–20965. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.028977
Shyh-Chang N, Daley GQ (2013) Lin28: primal regulator of growth and metabolism in stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 12(4):395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.005
Sims GP, Ettinger R, Shirota Y, Yarboro CH, Illei GG, Lipsky PE (2005) Identification and characterization of circulating human transitional B cells. Blood 105(11):4390–4398. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-11-4284
Sitnicka E, Brakebusch C, Martensson I-L, Svensson M, Agace WW, Sigvardsson M et al (2003) Complementary signaling through flt3 and interleukin-7 receptor alpha is indispensable for fetal and adult B cell genesis. J Exp Med 198(10):1495–1506. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031152
Sitnicka E, Bryder D, Theilgaard-Mönch K, Buza-Vidas N, Adolfsson J, Jacobsen SEW (2002) Key role of flt3 ligand in regulation of the common lymphoid progenitor but not in maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool. Immunity 17(4):463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00419-3
Smith FL, Baumgarth N (2019) B-1 cell responses to infections. Curr Opin Immunol 57:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2018.12.001
Solvason N, Chen X, Shu F, Kearney JF (1992) The fetal omentum in mice and humans. A site enriched for precursors of CD5 B cells early in development. Ann NY Acad Sci 651:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24589.x
Solvason N, Lehuen A, Kearney JF (1991) An embryonic source of Ly1 but not conventional B cells. Int Immunol 3(6):543–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/3.6.543
Stall AM, Adams S, Herzenberg LA, Kantor AB (1992) Characteristics and development of the murine B-1b (Ly-1 B sister) cell population. Ann NY Acad Sci 651:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24591.x
Subramaniam KS, Datta K, Quintero E, Manix C, Marks MS, Pirofski L-A (2010) The absence of serum IgM enhances the susceptibility of mice to pulmonary challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 184(10):5755–5767. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901638
Sun A, Novobrantseva TI, Coffre M, Hewitt SL, Jensen K, Skok JA, Rajewsky K, Koralov SB. (2015). VH replacement in primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 112(5):E458–E466. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418001112
Swanson PC (2002) A RAG-1/RAG-2 tetramer supports 12/23-regulated synapsis, cleavage, and transposition of V(D)J recombination signals. Mol Cell Biol 22(22):7790–7801. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.22.7790-7801.2002
Tarlinton DM, McLean M, Nossal GJ (1995) B1 and B2 cells differ in their potential to switch immunoglobulin isotype. Eur J Immunol 25(12):3388–3393. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830251228
Tiegs SL, Russell DM, Nemazee D (1993) Receptor editing in self-reactive bone marrow B cells. J Exp Med 177(4):1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.177.4.1009
Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Mandel L, Stĕpánková R, Bártová J, Barot R, Leclerc M., et al. (1992). Autoimmunity: from physiology to pathology. Natural antibodies, mucosal immunity and development of B cell repertoire. Folia Biol 38(3–4):202–215. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1426416
Tokoyoda K, Egawa T, Sugiyama T, Choi B-I, Nagasawa T (2004) Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behavior within bone marrow during development. Immunity 20(6):707–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.05.001
Tornberg UC, Holmberg D (1995). B-1a, B-1b and B-2 B cells display unique VHDJH repertoires formed at different stages of ontogeny and under different selection pressures. EMBO J. 14(8):1680–1689. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7737121
van Gent DC, Hiom K, Paull TT, Gellert M (1997) Stimulation of V(D)J cleavage by high mobility group proteins. EMBO J 16(10):2665–2670. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/16.10.2665
Vanhee S, Åkerstrand H, Kristiansen TA, Datta S, Montano G, Vergani S et al (2019) Lin28b controls a neonatal to adult switch in B cell positive selection. Sci Immunol 4(39):eaax4453. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aax4453
Vettermann C, Schlissel MS (2010) Allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin genes: models and mechanisms. Immunol Rev 237(1):22–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00935.x
Weber GF, Chousterman BG, He S, Fenn AM, Nairz M, Anzai A et al (2015) Interleukin-3 amplifies acute inflammation and is a potential therapeutic target in sepsis. Science (New York, NY) 347(6227):1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4268
Weissman IL, Baird S, Gardner RL, Papaioannou VE, Raschke W (1977) Normal and neoplastic maturation of T-lineage lymphocytes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 41(Pt 1):9–21. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1977.041.01.005
Witt CM, Won W-J, Hurez V, Klug CA (2003) Notch2 haploinsufficiency results in diminished B1 B cells and a severe reduction in marginal zone B cells. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD: 1950) 171(6):2783–2788. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2783
Yin FF, Bailey S, Innis CA, Ciubotaru M, Kamtekar S, Steitz TA et al (2009) Structure of the RAG1 nonamer binding domain with DNA reveals a dimer that mediates DNA synapsis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16(5):499–508. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.1593
Yoshimoto M (2015) The first wave of B lymphopoiesis develops independently of stem cells in the murine embryo. Ann NY Acad Sci 1362:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12612
Yoshimoto M, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Ferkowicz MJ, Porayette P, Shelley WC, Conway SJ et al (2011) Embryonic day 9 yolk sac and intra-embryonic hemogenic endothelium independently generate a B-1 and marginal zone progenitor lacking B-2 potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(4):1468–1473. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015841108
Youinou P, Mackenzie L, Katsikis P, Merdrignac G, Isenberg DA, Tuaillon N et al (1990) The relationship between CD5-expressing B lymphocytes and serologic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their relatives. Arthritis Rheum 33(3):339–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780330306
Yuan J, Nguyen CK, Liu X, Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA (2012) Lin28b reprograms adult bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors to mediate fetal-like lymphopoiesis. Science (New York, NY) 335(6073):1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216557
Zhang Y, Wang JY, Han W (2014) A role for CMTM7 in BCR expression and survival in B-1a but not B-2 cells. Int Immunol 26(1):47–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxt042
Zhong X, Gao W, Degauque N, Bai C, Lu Y, Kenny J et al (2007) Reciprocal generation of Th1/Th17 and T(reg) cells by B1 and B2 B cells. Eur J Immunol 37(9):2400–2404. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737296
Zhou Y, Li Y-S, Bandi SR, Tang L, Shinton SA, Hayakawa K et al (2015) Lin28b promotes fetal B lymphopoiesis through the transcription factor Arid3a. J Exp Med 212(4):569–580. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20141510
Acknowledgements
We thank Luming Zhang for secretarial assistance, Fudan University Animal Facility for maintaining the mice and the members in Wang Laboratory for helpful suggestions. This work was supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91942302 to J.Y.W.), the National Key R & D Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology (SQ2019YFE0100600 to J.Y.W.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571529 and 31870898 to J.Y.W), Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (81811540035 to J.Y.W.), a grant-in-aid for scientific research (C) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17K08878 to J.Y.W), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2018M641929 to J.L.) and National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholar (81901594 to J.L.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, Y., Liu, J., Burrows, P.D., Wang, JY. (2020). B Cell Development and Maturation. In: Wang, JY. (eds) B Cells in Immunity and Tolerance. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1254. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3531-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3532-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)