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Role of Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease

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Systems and Synthetic Immunology

Abstract

T cells are conventionally categorized into two basic types, viz., CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. CD4+ T cells were known to “help” in the activation and differentiation of various immune cells such as NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, whereas CD8+ T cells were known to kill foreign antigens. In 1970s, it was reported that functions exhibited by T cells were not merely restricted to augmenting an immune response but also to dampen it [1]. These T supressor cells were famously named as regulatory T cells or Tregs. Suppression caused by Tregs on various T cells was believed to mediate immunological tolerance by discriminating between self- and non-self-antigen [2, 3]. Tregs are believed to play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system by restricting the enormity of effector responses and permitting the initiation of immunological tolerance [4–6]. Treg populations are majorly divided into two major types: nTregs (natural Tregs) originating from the thymus and iTregs (induced Tregs) arising extrathymically, i.e., from secondary lymphoid organs or inflamed tissues [7]. Tregs are further differentiated into five subtypes based upon their origin, phenotypes, and expression of markers.

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Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by projects: DST-SERB (EMR/2016/007158), Govt. of India and intramural project from All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi-India sanctioned to RKS. NS, CS, LS, ZA, AB, AA and RKS acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, AIIMS, New Delhi-India for providing infrastructural facilities. NS and AA thanks DBT for fellowship. LS and ZA thank the UGC for their respective research fellowships. AB thanks DST for research fellowship.

Author Contributions

RKS suggested the focus and outline of the chapter and wrote the review. NS, CS, LS, ZA, AB and AA participated in writing of the chapter. RKS suggested, and ZA created the illustrations.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Niti Shokeen and Chaman Saini have equally contributed to this chapter.

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India

    Niti Shokeen, Chaman Saini, Leena Sapra, Zaffar Azam, Asha Bhardwaj, Ayaan Ahmad & Rupesh K. Srivastava

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  1. National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Shailza Singh

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Shokeen, N. et al. (2020). Role of Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease. In: Singh, S. (eds) Systems and Synthetic Immunology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3350-1_8

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