Abstract
With the rising demand for healthcare services and in view of the global shortage of manpower of healthcare professionals, volunteers have become a new energetic stream of strategic partners in the community to manage contemporary healthcare challenges, and they have been playing active roles in supporting various types of services. In this chapter, a charitable healthcare non-government organisation (NGO) founded in the late 1950s in Hong Kong is selected as a case study. It shows that the NGO has successfully made use of volunteers as a valuable asset since its establishment to extend primary care and rehabilitative services in different manners. On the other hand, despite the efforts and active backing from volunteers, it was a road of obstacles for the NGO to traverse the government bureaucracy and the local medical dominance. This chapter examines healthcare volunteerism, briefs its development in Hong Kong, discusses volunteers’ impact on local primary care, outlines local barriers to a holistic approach to primary care and explores the future directions in Hong Kong.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
《中華人民共和國老年人權益保障法》 in Chinese.
- 2.
《志願服務條例》 in Chinese.
- 3.
廣福義祠 in Chinese.
- 4.
Details are spelt out in the section of “Disclosures and Conflict of Interests”.
- 5.
真人圖書館 in Chinese.
- 6.
The first district health centre, namely, the Kwai Tsing District Health Centre, posted vacancy advertisements in the period of March–May 2019 to recruit “community health practitioners”, requiring potential candidates to have completed post-secondary education in health-related studies, such as public health, community health practices, nutrition, gerontology and sport science. “Community health practitioner” is a new healthcare staff category in Hong Kong, and the impact of this new staff grade in district health centres on the HKSR’s proposed health coaches is subject to further study.
- 7.
Details are contained in the section of “Disclosures and Conflict of Interests”.
References
Ackers, H. L., Ackers-Johnson, J., Chatwin, J., & Tyler, N. (2017). Healthcare, frugal innovation, and professional voluntarism: A cost-benefit analysis. Cham: Springer.
Agency for Volunteer Service, Hong Kong. (2011). Survey on volunteering in Hong Kong 2009. Retrieved from http://www.avs.org.hk/symposium/pdf/AVS_BOOKlet_21.pdf
Alam, K., & Oliveras, E. (2014). Retention of female volunteer community health workers in Dhaka urban slums: A prospective cohort study. Human Resources for Health, 12(29)., 11 pages). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-29.
Boerma, W. G. W. (2006). Coordination and integration in European primary care. In R. B. Saltman, A. Rico, & W. G. W. Boerma (Eds.), Primary care in the driver’s seat. Organizational reform in European primary care. London: Open University Press.
Bopp, M., Wilcox, S., Laken, M., Hooker, S. P., Saunders, R., Parra-Medina, D., Butler, K., & McClorin, L. (2007). Using the RE-AIM framework to evaluate a physical activity intervention in churches. Preventive Chronic Diseases, 4(4), A87, 9 pages.
Boyle, D., Crilly, T., & Malby, B. (2017). Can volunteering help create better health and care? London: The HelpForce Fund. Retrieved from https://www.helpforce.community/wp-content/uploads/Helpforce-Can-volunteering-help-create-better-health-and-care.pdf
Chan, C. W. (2008). Overview of specific learning disabilities (SLD)/dyslexia developments over the last decade in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics (new series), 13(3), 196–202.
Cherrington, A., Ayala, G. X., Elder, J. P., Arredondo, E. M., Fouad, M., & Scarinci, I. (2010). Recognizing the diverse roles of community health workers in the elimination of health disparities: From paid staff to volunteers. Ethnicity & Disease, 20(2), 189–194.
Cheung, E. (2017, October 8). Using only two fingers, Hong Kong girl types 22-page proposal calling for life-saving muscle drug. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2114344/using-only-two-fingers-hong-kong-girl-types-22
Chief Executive of Hong Kong. (2014). The 2014 policy address: Support the needy, let youth flourish, unleash Hong Kong’s potential. Retrieved from https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2014/eng/pdf/PA2014.pdf
Chief Executive of Hong Kong. (2017). The Chief Executive’s 2017 policy address: We connect for hope and happiness. Retrieved from https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2017/eng/pdf/PA2017.pdf
Christopher, J. B., Le May, A., Lewin, S., & Ross, D. A. (2011). Thirty years after Alma-Ata: A systematic review of the impact of community health workers delivering curative interventions against malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea on child mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Resources for Health, 9(27)., 11 pages). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-9-27.
Committee on the Future of Primary Care of the Institute of Medicine. (1996). Primary care: America’s health in a new era. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Curtis, W., & Pettigrew, A. (2010). Education studies: Reflective reader. Exeter: Learning Matters.
Department of Health, New South Wales. (2018 reviewed). NSW health framework for engaging, supporting and managing volunteers. Retrieved from https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/PD2011_033.pdf
DePauw, K. P. (1997). The (1n)visibility of disability: Cultural contexts and “sporting bodies”. Quest, 49(4), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1997.10484258.
Deputy Premier and Minister for Health, Queensland. (2009, May 11). Healthcare volunteers contribution is priceless [Press release]. Retrieved from http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/Id/63821
Emanuel, E. J., Fairclough, D. L., Slutsman, J., Alpert, H., Baldwin, D., & Emanuel, L. L. (1999). Assistance from family members, friends, paid care givers, and volunteers in the care of terminally ill patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(13), 956–963. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909233411306.
Evans, A. (2014, September 12). Director recognised for 25 years of training rehabilitation methods in Hong Kong and mainland. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1590304/director-recognised-25-years-training-rehabilitation-methods-hong
Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund. (2002). United Nations Volunteers: Report of the administrator (DP/2002/18). Retrieved from https://www.unv.org/sites/default/files/UNDP%20EB%20Report%20%28DP%202002-18%29.pdf
Fawcett, J. (2017). Thoughts about nursing conceptual models and the medical model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 30(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318416680710.
Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong. (2017). Strategic review on healthcare manpower planning and professional development. Hong Kong: Author. Retrieved from https://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/press_and_publications/otherinfo/180500_sr/e_sr_final_report.pdf.
Gaziano, T. A., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Denman, C. A., Montano, C. M., Khanam, M., Puoane, T., & Levitt, N. S. (2015). An assessment of community health workers’ ability to screen for cardiovascular disease risk with a simple, non-invasive risk assessment indicator in Bangladesh, Guatemala, Mexico and South Africa. Lancet Global Health, 3(9), e556–e563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00143-6.
Gorski, H., Gull, B., Harris, T., Garfield, T., Ashby, J., & Kamimura, A. (2017). Volunteer experiences at a free clinic in the United States: A qualitative study. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 14(3), 130–135.
Hadi, A. (2003). Management of acute respiratory infections by community health volunteers: Experience of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(3), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862003000300008.
Hainsworth, J., & Barlow, J. (2001). Volunteers’ experiences of becoming arthritis self-management lay leaders: “It’s almost as if I’ve stopped aging and started to get younger!”. Arthritis Care & Research, 45(4), 378–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200108)45:4<378::AID-ART351>3.0.CO;2-T.
Hanvoravongchai, P., & Wibulpolprasert, S. (2015). Training of local health workers to meet public health needs. In R. Detels, M. Gulliford, Q. Abdool Karim, & C. C. Tan (Eds.), Oxford textbook of global public health (Vol. 1, 6th ed., pp. 1585–1593). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Health and Welfare Bureau, Hong Kong. (1999). Hong Kong rehabilitation programme plan (1998–99 to 2002–03). Retrieved from https://www.fhb.gov.hk/en/press_and_publications/otherinfo/RPP/TOC.HTM
Health Volunteers Overseas. (2019). Our story. Retrieved from https://hvousa.org/whoweare/our-history/
Ho, F. C. S. (2017). Western medicine for Chinese: How the Hong Kong College of Medicine achieved a breakthrough. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Hodkinson, A. (2016). Key issues in special educational needs & inclusion (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.
Hong Kong Government. (1995). White paper on rehabilitation: Equal opportunities and full participation: A better tomorrow for all. Hong Kong: Author. Retrieved from https://www.lwb.gov.hk/download_gb/press_and_publications/otherinfo/WP95ENG.DOC.
Hong Kong Government. (2017, May 24). Government proposes to amend Medical Registration Ordinance [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201705/24/P2017052300451.htm
Hong Kong Government. (2018, March 12). Government engages public in defining scope of new Hong Kong rehabilitation programme plan [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201803/12/P2018031200294.htm
Hong Kong Government. (2019a, March 4). Contract awarded for Kwai Tsing District Health Centre. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201903/04/P2019030400465.htm
Hong Kong Government. (2019b, September 24). First District Health Centre officially opens in Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/24/P2019092400717.htm
Hospital Authority, Hong Kong. (2009). Helping people stay healthy: Strategic service plan 2009–2012. Retrieved from http://www.ha.org.hk/ho/corpcomm/Strategic%20Plan/2009-12.pdf
Hospital Authority, Hong Kong. (2019). Introduction. Retrieved from http://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10008&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10004
Jones, H. (2004). Volunteering for health: A research report produced for the Welsh Assembly Government. Wales: Volunteering Unit, Wales Council for Voluntary Action. Retrieved from https://www.wales.nhs.uk/documents/volunteering-for-health-report-e.pdf.
Kandel, N., & Lamichhane, J. (2019). Female health volunteers of Nepal: The backbone of healthcare. The Lancet, 393(10171), e19–e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30207-7.
Kowitt, S. D., Emmerling, D., Fisher, E. B., & Tanasugarn, C. (2015). Community health workers as agents of health promotion: Analyzing Thailand’s village health volunteer program. Journal of Community Health, 40(4), 780–788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-9999-y.
Kreutzer, K., & Jäger, U. (2011). Volunteering versus managerialism: Conflict over organizational identity in voluntary associations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(4), 634–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010369386.
Laleman, G., Kegels, G., Marchal, B., Van der Roost, D., Bogaert, I., & Van Damme, W. (2007). The contribution of international health volunteers to the health workforce in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Resources for Health, 5(19)., 9 pages). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-5-19.
Law, Y. H. (2018). The history of development of western medicine in Hong Kong: 1842–1990 (香港西醫發展史: 1842–1990 in Chinese, book title in English translated by the author of this chapter). Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Co.
Leon, N., Sanders, D., Van Damme, W., Besada, D., Daviaud, E., Oliphant, N. P., et al. (2015). The role of ‘hidden’ community volunteers in community-based health service delivery platforms: Examples from sub-Saharan Africa. Global Health Action, 8(1), 27214, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27214.
Leung, Y. Y., Kwan, J., Chan, P., Poon, P. K. K., Leung, C., Tam, L. S., et al. (2016). A pilot evaluation of arthritis self-management program by lay leaders in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis in Hong Kong. Clinical Rheumatology, 35(4), 935–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2791-z.
Lorig, K. (2015). Chronic disease self-management program: Insights from the eye of the storm. Frontiers in Public Health, 2(253)., 3 pages). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00253.
Ma, S. Y. (2011). The making and remaking of a Chinese hospital in Hong Kong. Modern Asian Studies, 45(5), 1313–1336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X10000107.
Majiyagbe, J. (2004). The volunteers’ contribution to polio eradication: Editorials. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(1), 2.
Mak, R. (2017, October 15). Sufferers of rare diseases in Hong Kong need more support – That, at least, is one thing political rivals can agree on. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2114851/sufferers-rare-diseases-hong-kong-need-more-support-least
Merchant, R. M., Leigh, J. E., & Lurie, N. (2010). Healthcare volunteers and disaster response — First, be prepared. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362(10), 872–873. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1001737.
Ministry of Health, New Zealand. (2018). Primary healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/primary-health-care
Mok, B. H. (2005). Organizing self-help groups for empowerment and social change. Journal of Community Practice, 13(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v13n01_04.
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, USA. (n.d.). Chronic disease self-management program (CDSMP). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/marketing-support/1-2-3-approach/docs/pdf/provider_fact_sheet_cdsmp.pdf
Neuberger, J. (2008). Volunteering in the public services: Health and social care: Baroness Neuberger’s review as the governments volunteering champion. London: Cabinet Office, Office of the Third Sector. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081230001255/http://cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/third_sector/assets/neuberger.pdf.
Okanurak, K., & Ruebush, T. K., II. (1996). Village-based diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Acta Tropica, 61(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(95)00115-U.
Oliver, M. (1992). Changing the social relations of research production? Disability. Handicap and Society, 7(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02674649266780141.
Operation Concern. (n.d.). Service scope (in Chinese). Retrieved from http://www.operationconcern.org/demo12B/ambit.html
Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B., Storr, J., Bagheri Nejad, S., Dziekan, G., Leotsakos, A., & Donaldson, L. (2008). Infection control as a major World Health Organization priority for developing countries. Journal of Hospital Infection, 68(4), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2007.12.013.
Poon, P. K. K., So, A., & Loong, E. L. C. (2014). Self-management in community-based rehabilitation programmes for persons with chronic diseases. In K. W. Tong & K. N. K. Fong (Eds.), Community care in Hong Kong: Current practices, practice-research studies, and future directions (pp. 53–73). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.
Primary Care Office of the Department of Health, Hong Kong. (2019, March revised). Concept of primary care and family doctor. Retrieved from https://www.pco.gov.hk/english/careyou/concept.html
Reeser, J. C., Berg, R. L., Rhea, D., & Willick, S. (2005). Motivation and satisfaction among polyclinic volunteers at the 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(4), e20, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015438.
Rehabilitation Programme Plan Review Working Group, Hong Kong. (2007). Hong Kong rehabilitation programme plan (2005–2007). Retrieved from https://www.lwb.gov.hk/eng/advisory/rac/rpp_report.htm
Reid, D. M., & Knight, M. G. (2006). Disability justifies exclusion of minority students: A critical history grounded in disability studies. Educational Researcher, 35(6), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X035006018.
Rogelberg, S. G., Allen, J. A., Conway, J. M., Goh, A., Currie, L., & McFarland, B. (2010). Employee experiences with volunteers: Assessment, description, antecedents, and outcomes. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 20(4), 423–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.20003.
Rogers, S. E., Rogers, C. M., & Boyd, K. D. (2013). Challenges and opportunities in healthcare volunteer management: Insights from volunteer administrators. Hospital Topics, 91(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2013.806012.
Rominski, S. D., Yakubu, J., Oteng, R. A., Peterson, M., Tagoe, N., & Bell, S. A. (2015). The role of short-term volunteers in a global health capacity building effort: The project HOPE-GEMC experience. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 8(1), 23, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-015-0071-6.
Schäfer, W., Groenewegen, P. P., Hansen, J., & Black, N. (2011). Priorities for health services research in primary care. Quality in Primary Care, 19(2), 77–83.
Schnell, T., & Hoof, M. (2012). Meaningful commitment: Finding meaning in volunteer work. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 33(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2012.650029.
Secretary of the Medical Council of Hong Kong. (2018). 2018 election of lay members of the Medical Council of Hong Kong: Polling notice. Retrieved from https://www.mchk.org.hk/files/Polling_Notice_final_E.pdf
Sinn, E. (1989). Power and charity: The early history of the Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Siu, A. M. H., Chan, C. C. H., Poon, P. K. K., Chui, D. Y. Y., & Chan, S. C. C. (2007). Evaluation of the chronic disease self-management program in a Chinese population. Patient Education and Counseling, 65(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2006.04.013.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (1992). Who helps and why? The psychology of AIDS volunteerism. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies (pp. 213–239). Newbury Park: Sage.
So, P. (2009, September 4). Harry Fang – ‘A towering figure in both public and private life’. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/article/691457/harry-fang-towering-figure-both-public-and-private-life
Social Welfare Department, Hong Kong. (2018). Financial support scheme for self-help organisations of persons with disabilities/chronic illnesses (2018–2020) (from 1.10.2018 to 30.9.2020). Retrieved from https://www.swd.gov.hk/storage/asset/section/742/en/Update_Homepage_List_of_FSS_(2018-2020)_Eng.pdf
Southwick, S. M., Gilmartin, R., McDonough, P., & Morrissey, P. (2006). Logotherapy as an adjunctive treatment for chronic combat-related PTSD: A meaning-based intervention. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60(2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2006.60.2.161.
St John Ambulance, UK. (2015). Volunteering opportunities with St John Ambulance. Retrieved from http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/volunteer.aspx
Swain, J., & French, S. (2000). Towards an affirmation model of disability. Disability & Society, 15(4), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590050058189.
Takasugi, T., & Lee, A. C. K. (2012). Why do community health workers volunteer? A qualitative study in Kenya. Public Health, 126(10), 839–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.06.005.
The Declaration of Alma-Ata. (1978). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf
The Hong Kong Association of Banks. (2017). Speech by CS at HKAB food for love project launch ceremony. Retrieved from https://www.hkab.org.hk/DisplayWhatsNewsAction.do?ss=2&id=3716
The Hong Kong Council of Social Service. (n.d.). Who we are. Retrieved from http://www.hkcss.org.hk/e/fc_detail1.asp?fc_id=15
The Hong Kong Council of Social Service. (2017). Survey on information disclosure in NGO annual reports: April 2017. Retrieved from https://governance.hkcss.org.hk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Survey%20on%20Information%20Disclosure%20in%20NGO%20Annual%20Reports.pdf
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (1960). Annual report 1959–1960. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (1978). Annual report 1977–1978. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (1980). Annual report 1979–1980. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (1984). Rehabilitation 25 (1959–1984). Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (1995). Annual report 1994–1995. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2006). 2005–2006 annual report. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2013). 2012–2013 annual report: Faithful in our engagements, excelling in our work. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2018a). About us. Retrieved from https://www.rehabsociety.org.hk/about-us/hksr-introduction/
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2018b). Annual report 2017–2018: A new page: Empowering persons with disabilities to live a fulfilling life. Hong Kong: Author.
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2018c). Mutual help human library & exhibition. Retrieved from https://www.rehabsociety.org.hk/mutual-help-human-library-exhibition/
The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation. (2018d). Our founder. Retrieved from https://www.rehabsociety.org.hk/about-us/hksr-introduction/
The Hospital Authority Ordinance (Cap 113), Hong Kong.
The Institute of Medicine, United States. (1994). Defining primary care: An interim report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly (as amended in 2018) (《中華人民共和國老年人權益保障法》 (2018 修正)), China.
The Medical Council (Election and Appointment of Lay Members) Regulation (Cap 161F), Hong Kong.
The Medical Registration Ordinance (Cap 161), Hong Kong.
The National Association of Health Authorities. (1987). NHS handbook (3rd ed.). London: Macmillan Press.
The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, United Kingdom.
The Regulation on Voluntary Services (《志願服務條例》), China.
The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. (n.d.-a). About us. Retrieved from http://www.tungwah.org.hk/en/about/about-us/
The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. (n.d.-b). History of Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. Retrieved from https://www.tungwah.org.hk/en/about/our-origin/
The University of Hong Kong. (2002). Growing with Hong Kong: The university and its graduates: The first 90 years. Hong Kong: Author.
Tong, K.-w., & Fong, K. N.-k. (2014). Introduction: Challenges in healthcare and community care in Hong Kong. In K.-w. Tong & K. N.-k. Fong (Eds.), Community care in Hong Kong: Current practices, practice-research studies, and future directions (pp. 1–16). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.
Tuckman, H. P., & Chang, C. F. (1994). The healthcare volunteer. Hospital Topics, 72(2), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1994.9948482.
Union of the Physically Impaired against Segregation, & the Disability Alliance. (1975). Fundamental principles of disability. Retrieved from http://www.disability.co.uk/sites/default/files/resources/fundamental%20principles.pdf
United Nations Volunteers. (2018). 2018 state of the world’s volunteerism report: The thread that binds volunteerism and community resilience. Retrieved from https://www.unv.org/sites/default/files/UNV_SWVR_2018_English_WEB.pdf
Vareilles, G., Pommier, J., Marchal, B., & Kane, S. (2017). Understanding the performance of community health volunteers involved in the delivery of health programmes in underserved areas: A realist synthesis. Implementation Science, 12(1), 22, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0554-3.
Wells, B. L., DePue, J. D., Buehler, C. J., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. A. (1990). Characteristics of volunteers who deliver health education and promotion: A comparison with organization members and program participants. Health Education Quarterly, 17(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819001700105.
White, L., Duncan, G., & Baumle, W. (2011). Foundations of basic nursing (3rd ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar Cengage Learning.
Willard-Grace, R., Sharma, A. E., Parker, C., & Potter, M. B. (2016). Engaging patients as partners in practice improvement: A survey of community health centers. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 23(7), 311–319.
Wilson, J. W., Merry, S. P., & Franz, W. B. (2012). Rules of engagement: The principles of underserved global health volunteerism. The American Journal of Medicine, 125(6), 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.008.
Withers, M., Browner, C. H., & Aghaloo, T. (2013). Promoting volunteerism in global health: Lessons from a medical mission in northern Mexico. Journal of Community Health, 38(2), 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-012-9627-z.
Witmer, A., Seifer, S. D., Finocchio, L., Leslie, J., & O’Neil, E. H. (1995). Community health workers: Integral members of the healthcare work force. American Journal of Public Health, 85(8), 1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1055.
Wong, D., & Chan, C. (1994). Chapter 5. Advocacy on self-help for patients with chronic illness: The Hong Kong experience. Prevention in Human Services, 11(1), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852359409511199.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). WHO collaborating centres global database. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/whocc/Detail.aspx?cc_ref=CHN-83&cc_city=hong
World Health Organization. (1986). The Ottawa Charter for health promotion. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
World Health Organization. (2002). Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health ICF. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?ua=1
World Health Organization. (2008a). Task shifting: Rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams. Geneva: Author.
World Health Organization. (2008b). The world health report 2008: Primary healthcare (now more than ever). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/
World Health Organization. (2013). A universal truth: No health without a workforce. Geneva: Author.
World Health Organization. (2019). Primary healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care
Yip, P. S. F., & Cheng, Q. (2014). 2014 Hong Kong altruism index survey. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://csrp.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/AltruismReportFinal-0804.pdf.
Zweigenhaft, R. L., Armstrong, J., Quintis, F., & Riddick, A. (1996). The motivations and effectiveness of hospital volunteers. Journal of Social Psychology, 136(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1996.9923026.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the management staff of the HKSR for their time and constructive comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tong, Kw. (2020). Healthcare Volunteers’ Significant Impact on Primary Care: Experiences and Challenges from the Perspective of a Non-government Organisation. In: Fong, B., Law, V., Lee, A. (eds) Primary Care Revisited . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2521-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2521-6_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2520-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2521-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)