Skip to main content

Commodity Ecology: From Smart Cities to Smart Regions Via a Blockchain-Based Virtual Community Platform for Ecological Design in Choosing All Materials and Wastes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities

Part of the book series: Blockchain Technologies ((BT))

Abstract

This article describes three points: (1) how a fine-grained yet systematic model of regional material sustainability called Commodity Ecology is being linked to current technological trends (2) of societies evenly saturated with ever cheaper and more mobile Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and (3) increasingly organized by decentralized ledgers like Blockchain. We live in a society connected by the Internet and increasingly served by and even ruled by online platforms. Particularly, an evenly shared mobile-phone revolution in ICT is putting platform access in the hands of all peoples around the world. Another disruptive technology after the Internet is blockchain technology which has revolutionized the exchange of information in areas such as cryptocurrency, supply chain management, healthcare and smart contracts. Thanks to these technological developments, instead of just smart cities, we now live among real/virtual ‘smart regions’ that on their own are capable of deliberating, finding, and buying/selling en masse toward their own better choices in sustainable material choices and better waste handling. These trends are utilized by the first online blockchain-based virtual community platform for ‘smart regions’ that facilitates this global, multi-regional drive to more democratic, holistic, and sustainable ecological design in all of our consumptive choices. Commodity Ecology is a model, rubric, and checklist for sustainability in 130 material categories, on a virtual platform for deliberation in over 860 distinct ecoregions simultaneously. The United Nations Academic Impact Office called Commodity Ecology a top global initiative for actually achieving Sustainable Development Goal #12, Responsible Consumption and Production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Innis HA (1950/1986) Godfrey D (ed) Empire and communications. Press Porcépic Ltd., Victoria (with the assistance of the Canada Council)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Castells M (ed) (2004) The network society: a cross-cultural perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  3. Castells M (2004) Informationalism, networks, and the network society: a theoretical blueprint. In: Castells M (ed) The network society: a cross-cultural perspective. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  4. Singh M, Singh A, Kim S (2018) Blockchain: a game changer for securing IoT data. In: 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). IEEE, pp 51–55

    Google Scholar 

  5. We Are Social/Hootsuite (2019) Digital 2019: global internet use accelerates. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates. Accessed 16 Oct 2019

  6. Mancini P (2014) How to upgrade democracy for the internet era. Ted.com https://www.ted.com/talks/pia_mancini_how_to_upgrade_democracy_for_the_internet_era#t-148748. Accessed 16 Oct 2019

  7. Höjer M, Wangel J (2014) Smart sustainable cities: definition and challenges. In: ICT innovations for sustainability. Springer, Berlin pp 333–349

    Google Scholar 

  8. We Are Social/Hootsuite (2019) Global social media users pass 3.5 Billion. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/07/global-social-media-users-pass-3-5-billion. Accessed 16 Oct 2019

  9. Pasquale F (2015) The black box society: the secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  10. Standing G (2010) The precariat: the new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  11. Madhusudan S, Kimb S (2019) Blockchain technology for decentralized autonomous organizations. Role of Blockchain Technology in IoT Applications vol 115, p 115

    Google Scholar 

  12. United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) (2018) #SDGsinAcademia: Goal 12. https://academicimpact.un.org/content/sdgsinacademia-goal-12; https://academicimpact.un.org/content/commodity-ecology-initiative-facilitate-sustainable-development. Accessed 16 Oct 2019

  13. Whitaker M (2009) Commodity ecology: the blog https://commodityecology.blogspot.com. Accessed 16 Oct 2019 or https://comwheel.azurewebsites.net

  14. Trinade EP, Hinnig MPF, Moreira da Costa E, Marques JS, Bastos RC, Yigitcanlar T (2017) Sustainable development of smart cities: a systematic review of the literature. J Open Innov Technol Mark Compl 3(3):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-017-0063-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Oh M, Larson JF (2019) Chapter 4: Korea’s smart cities and urban information culture. In: Digital development in Korea: lessons for a sustainable world, 2nd edn. Routledge, London (Routledge Advances in Korean Studies)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. See Updated Mobile Coverage for States. https://www.t-mobile.com/coverage/coverage-map; https://www.opensignal.com/networks; http://maps.mobileworldlive.com/

  17. Park G (2019) Rethinking mobile diffusion: explanatory analysis of factors affecting mobile diffusion in african countries in the sub-saharan region. Part A [Master’s] Paper, Department of Technology and Society, State University of New York, Korea. Available: park.gayoung@sunykorea.ac.kr (Dissertator); mark.whitaker@sunykorea.ac.kr (Adviser)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shafagh H et al (2017) Towards blockchain-based auditable storage and sharing of IoT data. In: Proceedings of the 2017 on cloud computing security workshop. ACM

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tian F (2016, June) An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology. In 2016 13th international conference on service systems and service management (ICSSSM). IEEE, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  20. Apte S, Petrovsky N (2016) Will blockchain technology revolutionize excipient supply chain management? J Excip Food Chem 7(3):910

    Google Scholar 

  21. Saberi S, Kouhizadeh M, Sarkis J, Shen L (2019) Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. Int J Prod Res 57(7):2117–2135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jayachandran P (2017) The difference between public and private blockchain. Blockchain pulse: IBM Blockchain Blog

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nagpal R (2017) 17 blockchain platforms—a brief introduction. Medium Blockchain Blog

    Google Scholar 

  24. Van der Ryn S, Cowan S(1996) Ecological design, 2nd edn. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pellow DN (2008) Chapter 7: Environmental racism: inequality in a toxic world. In: Romero M, Margolis E (eds) The Blackwell companion to social inequalities. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, pp 147–164

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Garavan M (2010) Opening up Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In: Dukelow F, O’Donovan O (eds) Mobilising classics: reading radical writing in Ireland. Manchester University Press, Manchester

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shih Y-H (2018) Some critical thinking on Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy and its educational implications. Int Educ Stud 11(9):64–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Van der Ryn S, Cowan S(1996) Ecological design, 2nd edn. Island Press, Washington, pp ix–x

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark D. Whitaker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Whitaker, M.D., Pawar, P. (2020). Commodity Ecology: From Smart Cities to Smart Regions Via a Blockchain-Based Virtual Community Platform for Ecological Design in Choosing All Materials and Wastes. In: Singh, D., Rajput, N. (eds) Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities. Blockchain Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2205-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2205-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2204-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2205-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics