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Understanding Colorectal Cancer: The Basics

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Theranostics Approaches to Gastric and Colon Cancer

Part of the book series: Diagnostics and Therapeutic Advances in GI Malignancies ((DTAGIM))

Abstract

Among all cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer. Colorectal cancer is associated with various risk factors which may alter the physiological pathways and induce genetic mutations. The risk factors, genetic variations, gene related toxicities with treatment regimens of CRC, clinically relevant biomarker of CRC were discussed in this review. The aim of the present review is to provide a current update on the risk factors and their pathways, biomarkers and their association with treatment efficacy and toxicity in CRC, which may provide a view for the Precision Medicine in CRC.

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Abbreviations

18q LOH:

Chromosome 18q loss of heterozygosity

5-FU:

5-fluorouracil

ABCB1:

ATP-dependent translocase/drug transporter gene family

AKT:

Protein kinase B

Anti-EGFR:

Anti epidermal growth factor receptor

Anti-VEGF:

Anti Vascular endothelial growth factor

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

BAT-25:

Mononucleotide microsatellite

BAT-26:

Mononucleotide microsatellite

Bcl-xl:

B-cell lymphoma-extra large

BMI:

Body mass index

BRAF:

Gene encoding b-raf protein

CDA:

Cytidine deaminase

CIMP:

CpG island hypermethylation

CIN:

Chromosomal instability

cmyc:

Proto oncogene

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

CRP:

C-reactive protein

cyclin D1:

cyclin D1

DNA:

Deoxyribo nucleic acid

DPYD:

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

EMT:

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

ENOSF1:

Antisense RNA to thymidylate synthase

EPCAM:

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2

ExoI:

Exonuclease1

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

FAP:

Familial adenomatous polyposis

FRA1:

Fos-related antigen 1

gp130:

Glycoprotein130

GSK3B:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

Gy:

Gray

HAT:

Histone acetyl transferase

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

HMGB1:

High mobility group box 1 protein

hTERT:

Telomerase reverse transcriptase

IL10:

Interleukin10

IL-17F:

Interleukin-17F

IL6:

Interleukin6

IL6R:

Interleukin6R

JAK:

Janus kinase

K116:

Lysine116

KRAS:

K-Ras protein

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

mcl1:

Antiapoptotic protein of Bcl2 family

miRNA:

micro RNA

MLH1:

MutL homolog 1

MONO-27:

Mononucleotide microsatellite

MSH2:

MutS protein homolog 2

MSH6:

MutS Homolog 6

MSI:

Microsatellite instability

MTHFR:

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

mVim:

methylated VIMENTIN

NETRIN-1:

Laminin-related secreted protein

NF-KB:

Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Nlrp6:

NOD-like receptor family pyrin6

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

NR-21:

Mononucleotide microsatellite

NR-24:

Mononucleotide microsatellite

p53:

Tumor protein 53

p65:

Sub unit of NF-κB

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PMS2:

PMS1 Homolog 2

Pol δ:

DNA polymerase δ

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

Ras:

Ras proteim

RFC:

Reduced folate carrier

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SES:

Socio-economic status

SMAD4:

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription3

STK11:

Serine/threonine kinase 11

Th17:

T helper cell17

TNF α:

Tumor necrosing factor α

TNF:

Tumor necrosing factor

TNFβ:

Tumor necrosing factorβ

TP53:

Tumor protein 53

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

TROP-2:

Tumor-associated calcium signal transduction protein

TYMS:

Thymidylate synthase

UC:

Ulcerative colitis

UGT1A1:

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1

USA:

United States of America

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGR2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2

WHO:

World Health Organisation

Wnt:

Wingless (wg) and Int-1, traits

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, SRIHER-(DU), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Mohan Krishna Ghanta

  2. Department of Pharmacology, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Kasarwadi, Sawarde, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India

    Santosh C. Gursale

  3. Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    L. V. K. S. Bhaskar

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  1. Mohan Krishna Ghanta
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  3. L. V. K. S. Bhaskar
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  1. Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Ganji Seeta Rama Raju

  2. Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    L.V.K.S. Bhaskar

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Ghanta, M.K., Gursale, S.C., Bhaskar, L.V.K.S. (2020). Understanding Colorectal Cancer: The Basics. In: Raju, G., Bhaskar, L. (eds) Theranostics Approaches to Gastric and Colon Cancer. Diagnostics and Therapeutic Advances in GI Malignancies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2017-4_7

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