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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae

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Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance among the microorganisms is one of the major concerns in the field of infectious biology. With the discovery of advanced antibiotics, the microorganisms are also combating back by upgrading their resistance mechanisms. The antibiotic resistance mechanism in different bacteria not only enhances the virulence but also increases the mortality rate. In recent times, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is increasing in the microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus spp., which can cause higher degree of health adversity, and the list will continue growing with the passing time. One such example is the Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to family Vibrionaceae is responsible for causing the disease cholera which is characterized by profuse rice watery diarrhea. Cholera organism after reaching the upper small intestine adheres, colonizes, multiplies, and secretes cholera toxin. CT consists of five bindings (B) subunits and one active (A) subunit. The B subunits bind to the GM1 ganglioside receptors in the small-intestinal mucosa, and the A subunit enters into the cell where it activates adenylate cyclase. This leads to an up rise in cyclic AMP level, and an increase in chloride secretion and inhibition of neutral sodium chloride absorption, which in turn leads to a massive outpouring of fluid into the small intestine, thus causing severe watery diarrhea. The primary treatment for cholera is rehydration therapy. Antibiotic therapy shortens the duration of infection and adversity of the disease. However, with the increased incidence of drug resistance in V. cholerae strains, the treatment of infection became more challenging day by day. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in V. cholerae include the expulsion of drugs via efflux pumps, SXT elements, conjugative plasmids, and sometimes random chromosomal mutations. In this chapter, we are describing different mechanism of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity keeping V. cholerae in highlight.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by fund contributed by the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi to the Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar. SS is grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for providing Inspire Junior Research Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India

    Subhasree Saha & Durg Vijai Singh

  2. Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India

    Subhasree Saha & Durg Vijai Singh

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  1. Department of Microbiology School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Busi Siddhardha

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Madhu Dyavaiah

  3. Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Asad Syed

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Saha, S., Singh, D.V. (2020). Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae. In: Siddhardha, B., Dyavaiah, M., Syed, A. (eds) Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_15

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