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Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

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Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery

Abstract

Klebsiella species is ubiquitous in nature and is an important pathogen of humans and animals. K. pneumoniae is the most notorious opportunistic pathogen mainly affecting the hospitalized immunocompromised patients and accounts for urinary tract, respiratory tract, blood, and wound infection. They are the chief source of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and is accountable for 83% of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). The antimicrobial resistance to human pathogens is being reported globally and has become a critical public health issue. In comparison to the susceptible pathogens, the rate of morbidity, and mortality is high with the infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae with diverse resistance determinants causing hospital and community acquired infections are of a major concern.

The mechanism of resistance known to date involves the production of beta-lactamases, such as extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, cephalosporinases, and carbapenemases. Constant horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via mobile elements essentially plasmids and transposons aid the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and other mechanisms of resistance that facilitate the survival of the Klebsiella in nosocomial environments. Currently, the emergence of Klebsiella strains that acquire plasmid-mediated resistance to ESBLs are of particular concern and are accountable for the failure of antibiotic treatment. The multidrug-resistant phenotype of the nosocomial K. pneumoniae caused by the presence of carbapenemases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases make the therapeutic options limited.

The unending effort to develop new antibiotic has been outrun by the incidence of multidrug-resistant microbes and failed to replace the armamentarium required to combat the problem. Since discovering antibiotics takes a longer time, it is better to boost the activity of the existing antibiotic by inhibiting the mechanism that prevents the drug from acting will be an effective alternative. This chapter focuses on K. pneumoniae infections, pathogenicity, antibiotics, mode of action, antimicrobial resistance, therapies or alternative strategies for controlling drug resistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India

    Ashwath Priyanka, Kotian Akshatha, Vijaya Kumar Deekshit & Dharnappa Sannejal Akhila

  2. SDM PG College, Ujire, Karnataka, India

    J. Prarthana

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  1. Ashwath Priyanka
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  2. Kotian Akshatha
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  1. Department of Microbiology School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Busi Siddhardha

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Madhu Dyavaiah

  3. Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Asad Syed

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Priyanka, A., Akshatha, K., Deekshit, V.K., Prarthana, J., Akhila, D.S. (2020). Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. In: Siddhardha, B., Dyavaiah, M., Syed, A. (eds) Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_12

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