Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Persian Gulf 2019

Part of the book series: Persian Gulf ((PEGU))

  • 104 Accesses

Abstract

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s engagements with the Persian Gulf and the broader Middle East took exciting turns in the light of regional concerns and upheavals, especially over Iran and Saudi Arabia. If the former demanded a nuanced fine-tuning, the latter witnessed a firmer political message. The year 2018 saw a renewal of importance that India attaches to the UAE, its traditional friendship with the Sultanate of Oman, dehyphenation of Israel and Palestine and recognition of the crucial role that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan plays in the Israeli-Palestinian dynamics. The year witnessed the highest number of political visits and contacts with the region since Modi became prime minister in May 2014. He visited Palestine, Jordan, Oman and the UAE and hosted leaders of Israel, Iran and Jordan and continued his G20 outreach with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These visits and exchanges continue to highlight the ascendance of the Persian Gulf in India’s strategic calculations. At the same time, 2018 saw India adapting to challenges over which New Delhi had little control or influence. In the political realm, Iran continues to be a significant concern for India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The White House Briefings. 2018. ‘Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action’, 8 May, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-joint-comprehensive-plan-action/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  2. 2.

    Al-Jazeera. 2018. ‘World Leaders React to US Withdrawal from Iranian Nuclear Deal’, 9 May, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/world-leaders-react-withdrawal-iranian-nuclear-deal-180508184130931.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  3. 3.

    The other countries were China, Greece, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Turkey.

  4. 4.

    Mohammed, Arshad, Wroughton, Lesley and Zengerle, Patricia. 2018. ‘U.S. Allows Eight Importers to Keep Buying Iran Oil for Now’, in Reuters, 2 November, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-sanctions/u-s-allows-eight-importers-to-keep-buying-iran-oil-for-now-idUSKCN1N70OZ, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  5. 5.

    Geranmayeh, Ellie and Batmanghelidj, Esfandyar. 2019. ‘Trading with Iran via the Special Purpose Vehicle: How It Can Work’, in Iran Sanctions Mini-Series, European Council on Foreign Relations, 7 February, https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_trading_with_iran_special_purpose_vehicle_how_it_can_work, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  6. 6.

    Holland, Steve. 2018. ‘Trump Urges Iran to Talk Over Nuclear Program, Cannot Rule Out Military Action’, in Reuters, 9 May, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-trump/trump-urges-iran-to-talk-over-nuclear-program-cannot-rule-out-military-action-idUSKCN1SF26S, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  7. 7.

    Milani, Abbas and McFaul, Michael. 2015. ‘What the Iran-Deal Debate Is Like in Iran’, in The Atlantic, 11 August, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/08/iran-deal-politics-rouhani-khamenei/400985/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  8. 8.

    Serjoie, Kay Armin. 2018. ‘“The Americans Cannot Be Trusted.” How Iran Is Reacting to Trump’s Decision to Quit Nuclear Deal’, in Time, 9 May, https://time.com/5270821/iran-nuclear-deal-trump-ayatollah-khameini-hassan-rouhani/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  9. 9.

    Al-Jazeera. ‘World Leaders React to US Withdrawal from Iranian Nuclear Deal’.

  10. 10.

    Vakil, Sanam. 2018. ‘Iran and the GCC Hedging, Pragmatism and Opportunism’, in Chatham House, September, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-09-13-iran-gcc-vakil.pdf, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  11. 11.

    Radio Farda. 2018. ‘Iran In 2018: A Year of Confusion, Chaos and Perceived Threat of Regime Change’, 29 December, https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-in-2018-a-year-marked-by-confusion-chaos-and-perceived-threat-of-regime-change/29682694.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  12. 12.

    Parker, Claire. 2019. ‘Iran Has Invested in Allies and Proxies Across the Middle East. Here’s Why They Matter Now’, in The Washington Post, 18 June, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-has-invested-in-allies-and-proxies-across-the-middle-east-heres-why-they-matter-now/2019/06/18/0549200e-9152-11e9-b72d-d56510fa753e_story.html?utm_term=.7b9ca94374c1, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    DW. 2019. ‘Iran-Backed Yemeni Rebels Attack Saudi Civilian Airport’, 12 June, https://www.dw.com/en/iran-backed-yemeni-rebels-attack-saudi-civilian-airport/a-49154184, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  15. 15.

    Oil Trade, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, https://asb.opec.org/index.php/interactive-charts/oil-trade, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  16. 16.

    The Hindu. 2019. ‘Iraq Remains Top Oil Supplier to India’, 1 May, https://www.thehindu.com/business/iraq-remains-top-oil-supplier-to-india/article27005247.ece, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  17. 17.

    Meredith, Sam. 2019. ‘Here’s Why China and India Will Remain Defiant Amid Threat of US Sanctions for Iranian Oil Imports’, in CNBC, 23 April, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/23/iran-oil-sanctions-china-and-india-will-remain-defiant-against-us.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  18. 18.

    International Energy Agency. 2019. ‘Oil Market Report’, 14 June, https://www.iea.org/oilmarketreport/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  19. 19.

    Press TV. 2019. ‘Iran Won’t Let US Threaten Persian Gulf Security: FM Zarif’, 3 May, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2019/05/03/594990/Iran-US-security-Persian-Gulf-hormuz-strait-tension, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  20. 20.

    Hafezi, Parisa, Saul, Jonathan and Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr. 2018. ‘Explainer: How Could Iran Disrupt Gulf Oil Flows?’, in Reuters, 11 July, https://in.reuters.com/article/oil-iran/explainer-how-could-iran-disrupt-gulf-oil-flows-idINKBN1K12M9, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  21. 21.

    Wasmi, Naser Al. 2018. ‘Qatar Receives GCC Summit Invitation Letter from Saudi King Salman’, in The National, 5 December, https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/qatar-receives-gcc-summit-invitation-letter-from-saudi-king-salman-1.799300, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  22. 22.

    Al-Jazeera. 2019. ‘Iran: Rouhani Welcomes Developing Relations with Qatar’, 6 June, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/iran-rouhani-welcomes-developing-relations-qatar-190605154738749.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  23. 23.

    Al-Gannabi, Yasmina. 2017. ‘After the GCC Summit: Is the Bloc Dead?’ in DW Akademie, 10 December, http://akademie.dw.com/gulfgermany/after-the-gcc-summit-is-the-bloc-dead/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  24. 24.

    Magdy, Samy. 2019. ‘Database Says 91,600 Killed in Yemen Fighting since 2015’, in AP News, 20 June, https://www.apnews.com/b28a2bdb1b01413689e05a7204e6ea90, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  25. 25.

    Save the Children. 2017. ‘Alarming Cholera Spike in Yemen Coastal Region’, 1 September, https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/alarming-cholera-spike-yemen-coastal-region, last accessed on 3 June 2019.

  26. 26.

    United Nations Security Council Report. 2018. ‘The Situation in the Middle East’, 23 October, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7b65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7d/s_pv_8379.pdf, last accessed on 3 June 2019.

  27. 27.

    United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2016. ‘Yemen: Cholera Outbreak—Oct 2016’, 6 October, https://m.reliefweb.int/disaster/37281/ep-2016-000107-yem, last accessed on 3 June 2019.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    United Nations Security Council. 2018. ‘Stockholm Agreement’, 20 December, https://undocs.org/S/2018/1134, last accessed on 3 June 2019.

  30. 30.

    Quamar, Md. Muddassir. 2017. ‘Challenges for the New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia’, in IDSA Comment, 23 June, https://idsa.in/idsacomments/challenges-for-the-new-crown-prince-of-saudi-arabia_mmquamar_230617, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  31. 31.

    BBC News. 2019. ‘Jamal Khashoggi: All You Need to Know about Saudi Journalist’s Death’, 19 June, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45812399, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    The Hindu. 2018. ‘Saudi Arabia Admits Khashoggi Was Killed in Its Istanbul Consulate’, 20 October, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/saudi-arabia-admits-khashoggi-killed-in-istanbul-consulate/article25269054.ece, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  34. 34.

    Ibid.

  35. 35.

    Gould, Joe. 2018. ‘US House Bill Would Close Door on Saudi Arms Sales’, in Defense News, 24 October, https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2018/10/24/us-house-bill-would-close-door-on-saudi-arms-sales/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  36. 36.

    The Guardian. 2018. ‘CIA Finds Saudi Crown Prince Ordered Jamal Khashoggi Killing—Report’, 17 November, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/cia-determines-saudi-crown-prince-ordered-journalists-killing-washington-post, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  37. 37.

    BBC News. 2019. ‘Yemen War: Trump Vetoes Bill to End US Support for Saudi-Led Coalition’, 17 April, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47958014, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  38. 38.

    Majidyar, Ahmad. 2018. ‘Will Latest Anti-Regime Protests Change Iran’s Costly Regional Policies?’ in Middle East Institute, 10 January, https://www.mei.edu/publications/will-latest-anti-regime-protests-change-irans-costly-regional-policies, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  39. 39.

    Sofuoglu, Murat. 2019. ‘Are Iran’s Moderates Losing Power to Hardliners?’ in TRT World, 7 March, https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/are-iran-s-moderates-losing-power-to-hardliners-24747, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  40. 40.

    Milani, Abbas and McFaul, Michael. The Atlantic. ‘What the Iran-Deal Debate Is Like in Iran’.

  41. 41.

    Serjoie, Kay Armin. Time. ‘“The Americans Cannot Be Trusted.” How Iran Is Reacting to Trump’s Decision to Quit Nuclear Deal’.

  42. 42.

    Al-Jazeera. 2018. ‘Iraq: Election Results within Two Days, Turnout at Record Low’, 13 May, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/iraq-election-results-days-turnout-record-180513061807758.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  43. 43.

    Al-Jazeera. 2018. ‘Iraq Protests: What You Should Know’, 22 July, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/iraq-protests-180717074846746.html, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  44. 44.

    Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia, https://vision2030.gov.sa/en, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  45. 45.

    ‘From Regional Pioneer to Global Contender: The Economic Vision 2030 for Bahrain’, https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/wcm/connect/38f53f2f-9ad6-423d-9c96-2dbf17810c94/Vision%2B2030%2BEnglish%2B%28low%2Bresolution%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  46. 46.

    Strolla, Alfred and Peri, Phaninder. 2013. ‘Oman: Vision 2020’, in Deloitte: A Middle East Point of View, Fall, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/xe/Documents/About-Deloitte/mepovdocuments/mepov12/dtme_mepov12_Oman2020vision.pdf, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  47. 47.

    Vision 2021, United Arab Emirates, https://www.vision2021.ae/en, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  48. 48.

    Hodgson, Sasha and Hanson, Darren. 2014. ‘Enforcing Nationalization in the GCC: Private Sector Progress, Strategy and Policy for Sustainable Nationalization’, in Middle East Journal of Business, Volume 9 Issue 2, April, http://www.mejb.com/upgrade_flash/April2014/Nationalisation.pdf, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  49. 49.

    Government of India (GoI). Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). 2018. ‘Question No. 1932 Hike in Expatriate Dependent Fee Imposed by Saudi Arabia’, 4 January, https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/29324/QUESTION_No_1932_HIKE_IN_EXPATRIATE_DEPENDENT_FEE_IMPOSED_BY_SAUDI_ARABIA, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  50. 50.

    Sedgh, Hamideh. 2007. Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  51. 51.

    Amnesty International. 2018. ‘Saudi Arabia: More Activists Arrested in Continuing Crackdown’, 23 May, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/saudi-arabia-more-activists-arrested-in-continuing-crackdown/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  52. 52.

    BBC News. 2018. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Ban on Women Driving Officially Ends’, 24 June, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44576795, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  53. 53.

    Coogle, Adam. 2018. ‘Saudi Arabia’s “Reforms” Don’t Include Tolerance of Shia Community’, in Human Rights Watch, 21 September, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudi-arabias-reforms-dont-include-tolerance-shia-community, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  54. 54.

    Human Rights Watch. 2019. ‘Saudi Arabia: Mass Execution of 37 Men’, 24 April, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/24/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-37-men, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  55. 55.

    The Guardian. 2017. ‘Saudi Arabia Allows Women into Stadium as It Steps Up Reforms’, 24 September, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/24/saudi-arabia-allows-women-into-stadium-as-it-steps-up-reforms, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  56. 56.

    Kumaraswamy, P. R. 2018. ‘Reading Modi’s Visit to Israel’, in India Quarterly, 74(1), 1–16, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0974928417749644, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  57. 57.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘English Translation of Press Statement by Prime Minister during His Visit to Palestine (February 10, 2018)’, 11 February, https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/29474/english+translation+of+press+statement+by+prime+minister+during+his+visit+to+palestine+february+10+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  58. 58.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘India Oman Joint Statement during Visit of Prime Minister to Oman’, 12 February, https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29479/india+oman+joint+statement+during+visit+of+prime+minister+to+oman, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  59. 59.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘India-UAE Joint Statement during State Visit of the Prime Minister of India to UAE (February 10–11, 2018)’, 11 February, https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29476/IndiaUAE_Joint_Statement_during_State_Visit_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_UAE_February_1011_2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  60. 60.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘India-Iran Joint Statement during Visit of the President of Iran to India (February 17, 2018)’, 17 February, https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29495/indiairan+joint+statement+during+visit+of+the+president+of+iran+to+india+february+17+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  61. 61.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Visit of the King of Jordan to India (February 27–March 01, 2018)’, 26 February, https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29518/Visit_of_the_King_of_Jordan_to_India_February_27–March_01_2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  62. 62.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘External Affairs Minister’s Meeting with Iranian Foreign Minister’, 28 May, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29925/External_Affairs_Ministers_meeting_with_Iranian_Foreign_Minister, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  63. 63.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Official Visit of Foreign Minister of the UAE to India (June 24–30, 2018)’, 1 July, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30031/Official+visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+the+UAE+to+India+June+2430+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  64. 64.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Visit of Foreign Minister of the Arab Republic of Egypt to India (March 22–23, 2018)’, 23 March, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29726/Visit+of+Foreign+Minister+of+the+Arab+Republic+of+Egypt+to+India+March+2223+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  65. 65.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Official Visit of External Affairs Minister to Saudi Arabia (February 6–8, 2018)’, 5 February, https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29413/Official+visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Saudi+Arabia+February+68+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  66. 66.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Visit of External Affairs Minister to United Arab Emirates (December 3–4, 2018)’, 30 November, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30663/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+United+Arab+Emirates+December+34+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  67. 67.

    GoI. MEA. 2018. ‘Visit of External Affairs Minister to Kuwait (October 30–31, 2018)’, 1 November, https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30557/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Kuwait+October+3031+2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  68. 68.

    Bhattacharjee, Kallol. 2018. ‘Mortal Remains of Indians Killed in Mosul Flown Back Home’, in The Hindu, 2 April, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indians-killed-in-mosul-families-wait-to-receive-remains-in-amritsar-updates/article23413108.ece, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  69. 69.

    The Hindu. 2018. ‘Saudi Crown Prince Meets India’s Modi in Argentina’, 30 November, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/saudi-crown-prince-meets-indias-modi-in-argentina/article25630805.ece, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  70. 70.

    John, Issac. 2018. ‘India to Retain Top Rank with $80 Billion in Remittance in 2018’, in Khaleej Times, 9 December, https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/economy/india-to-/retain-top-rank-with-80b-in-remittance-in-2018, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  71. 71.

    Al-Saud, Abdullah bin Khaled. 2019. ‘Saudi Foreign Fighters: Analysis of Leaked Islamic State Entry Documents’, in International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ICSR-Report-Saudi-Foreign-Fighters-Analysis-of-Leaked-Islamic-State-Entry-Documents.pdf, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  72. 72.

    Siyech, Mohammed Sinan. 2019. ‘The Islamic State in India: Upgrading Capabilities?’ in Middle East Institute, 5 February, https://www.mei.edu/publications/islamic-state-india-upgrading-capabilities, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  73. 73.

    Times of India. 2018. ‘In a Shocker from Kerala, 10 People Confirmed to Have Joined ISIS’, 13 December, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/kochi/in-a-shocker-from-kerala-10-people-confirmed-to-have-joined-isis/videoshow/67073946.cms?from=mdr, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  74. 74.

    Varma, Vishnu. 2018. ‘Back from the Gulf: The Exodus Is Real and Kerala Might Not Be Prepared’, in The Indian Express, 15 March, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-gulf-business-exodus-kottakkal-gulf-cooperation-council-5626274/, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  75. 75.

    GoI. MEA. Embassy of India, Riyadh. 2018. ‘India-Saudi Bilateral Relations’, December, https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Saudi_Bilateral_Relations_December_2018.pdf, last accessed on 25 June 2019.

  76. 76.

    Persian Gulf 2012, https://www.amazon.in/Persian-Gulf-2012-Indias-Relations-ebook/dp/B0099RZ6NG, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

  77. 77.

    Persian Gulf 2013, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/persian-gulf-2013/book242306, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

  78. 78.

    Persian Gulf 2014, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/persian-gulf-2014/book245036, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

  79. 79.

    Persian Gulf 2015, https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/549471, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

  80. 80.

    Persian Gulf 2016–17, https://idsa.in/book/book_persian-gulf-2017, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

  81. 81.

    Persian Gulf 2018, https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811319778, last accessed on 31 March 2019.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    P. R. Kumaraswamy

  2. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Md. Muddassir Quamar

Authors
  1. P. R. Kumaraswamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Md. Muddassir Quamar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kumaraswamy, P.R., Quamar, M.M. (2020). Introduction. In: Persian Gulf 2019. Persian Gulf. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1432-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation