Abstract
Geopolymer technology is gaining a lot of interests in research and development because they act as a ‘versatile admixture’ for different purposes. The focus of the present work was: (1) To investigate the suitability of Bentonite soil for the synthesis of Geopolymer (2) To investigate the effect of Bentonite soil-based Geopolymer for potential improvement in swelling–shrinkage behaviour of expansive soil. The source material for Geopolymer synthesis was commercially available Bentonite cohesive soil. The presence of montmorillonite mineral causes high water absorption response and swelling–shrinkage behaviour, which makes it extremely difficult to use for civil engineering construction purposes. The critical soil parameters of Bentonite soil such as Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), Differential Free Swell Index (DFSI), Plasticity index (PI) and Flow index (If) were found to be very high (LL = 609%, PL = 51%, DFSI = 662%, PI = 558% and If = 0.55) due to the presence of Montmorillonite mineral. Remarkable improvement in the properties was observed after treating Bentonite soil with 4% of synthesized Geopolymer. The sample was prepared on weight basis and were cured for a period of seven days, after the end of curing period the test was conducted. A drastic reduction in the studied parameter was observed, after the seventh day, the LL, PL, DFSI, PI and If values were observed to be decreased; 509%, 40%, 329%, 469% and 0.28, respectively. Thus, the study revealed that Geopolymer can be effectively used for treating expansive soil.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Álvarez-Ayuso E, Querol X, Plana F, Alastuey A, Moreno N, Izquierdo M, Font O, Moreno T, Diez S, Vázquez E, Barra M (2008) Environmental physical and structural characterisation of geopolymer matrixes synthesised from coal (co-) combustion fly ashes. J Hazard Mater 154(1–3):175–183
Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. J Eng Geol 42:223–237
Cheng TW, Lee ML, Ko MS, Ueng TH, Yang SF (2012) The heavy metal adsorption characteristics on metakaolin-based geopolymer. J Appl Clay Sci 56:90–96
Chotetanorm C, Chindaprasirt P, Sata V, Rukzon S, Sathonsaowaphak A (2012) High-calcium bottom ash geopolymer: sorptivity, pore size, and resistance to sodium sulfate attack. J Mater Civ Eng 25(1):105–111
Cioffi R, Maffucci L, Santoro L (2003) Optimization of geopolymer synthesis by calcination and polycondensation of a kaolinitic residue. Resour Conserv Recycl 40(1):27–38
Damilola OM (2013) Syntheses, characterization and binding strength of geopolymers: a review. Int J Mater Sci Appl 2(6):185–193
Dash S, Hussain M (2011) Lime stabilization of soils: reappraisal. J Mater Civ Eng 24:707–714
Davidovits J (1976) Solid phase synthesis of a mineral blockpolymer by low temperature polycondensation of aluminosilicate polymers. In: IUPAC international symposium on macromolecules, Stockholm
Davidovits J (1991) Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. J Therm Anal Calorim 37(8):1633–1656
Davidovits J (2008) Geopolymer chemistry and applications. Geopolymer Institute
Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Palomo A, van Deventer JS (2007) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci 42(9):2917–2933
Gao T, Shen L, Shen M, Liu L, Chen F, Gao L (2017) Evolution and projection of CO2 emissions for China’s cement industry from 1980 to 2020. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:522–537
Gartner E (2004) Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements. Cem Concr Res 34(9):1489–1498
Ge Y, Cui X, Kong Y, Li Z, He Y, Zhou Q (2015) Porous geopolymeric spheres for removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution: synthesis and evaluation. J Hazard Mater 283:244–251
Hernandez-Ramirez O, Holmes SM (2008) Novel and modified materials for wastewater treatment applications. J Mater Chem 18(24):2751–2761
Huseien GF, Mirza J, Ismail M, Ghoshal SK, Hussein AA (2017) Geopolymer mortars as sustainable repair material: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80(1):54–74
IS: 2720 (Part 40) (1977) Determination of free swell index of soils
IS: 2720 (Part 5) (1985) Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision)
Naseem R, Tahir SS (2001) Removal of Pb (II) from aqueous/acidic solutions by using bentonite as an adsorbent. J Water Res 35(16):3982–3986
Novais RM, Buruberri LH, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2016) Novel porous fly-ash containing geopolymer monoliths for lead adsorption from wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 318:631–640
Palomo Á, Fernández-Jiménez A, López Hombrados C, Lleyda JL (2007) Railway sleepers made of alkali activated fly ash concrete
Palomo A, Grutzeck MW, Blanco MT (1999) Alkali-activated fly ashes: a cement for the future. Cem Concr Res 29(8):1323–1329
Petermann JC, Saeed A, Hammons, MI (2010) Alkali-activated geopolymers: a literature review. Applied Research Associates Inc Panama City, FL
Poojidha M, Nirmalkumar K (2016) Review paper on geopolymer concrete by using GGBS
Rees CA, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Van Deventer JS (2008) The mechanism of geopolymer gel formation investigated through seeded nucleation. Colloids Surf A Physicochemical Eng Asp 318(1–3):97–105
Scott AN, Thomas MD (2007) Evaluation of fly ash from co-combustion of coal and petroleum coke for use in concrete. ACI Mater J 104(1):62
Shi C, Jiménez AF, Palomo A (2011) New cements for the 21st century: the pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement. Cem Concr Res 41(7):750–763
Tahir SS, Rauf N (2004) Removal of Fe (II) from the wastewater of a galvanized pipe manufacturing industry by adsorption onto bentonite clay. J Environ Manag 73(4):285–292
Uppal HL, Chadda LR (1967) Physico-chemical changes in the lime stabilization of black cotton soil (India). J Eng Geol 2:179–189
Wang JC, Wang YC, Ko L, Wang JH (2017) Greenhouse gas emissions of amusement parks in Taiwan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:581–589
Zhang Z, Provis JL, Reid A, Wang H (2014) Geopolymer foam concrete: an emerging material for sustainable construction. Constr Build Mater 56(15):113–127
Acknowledgements
Financial Support from IIT Gandhinagar is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Gandhinagar.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Taki, K., Sharma, S. (2020). Synthesis of Bentonite Clay-Based Geopolymer and Its Application in the Treatment of Expansive Soil. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 56. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0890-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0890-5_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0889-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0890-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)