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Autophagy and Immune Tolerance

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Autophagy: Biology and Diseases

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1206))

Abstract

The immune system plays a critical role in defense against invading pathogens, and its function must be strictly controlled to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Once suffering microbial invasion or receiving danger signals, the immune system initiates the responses timely. After the threat removal, the immune system should be shut down to avoid the harm caused by excessive immune activation. Additionally, the immune system needs to be internally adjusted so that it does not respond to self-antigens to avoid autoimmune diseases. The states of nonresponse in immunity are termed as immune tolerance. Numerous studies indicated that macroautophagy (hereafter named as autophagy) is involved in T cells and B cells related immune tolerance. Recently, more and more researches demonstrated that autophagy is not only capable of nonselective degradation of cellular macromolecular components but also responsible for sorting and transporting autophagic substrates through a group of cargo receptors for selective degradation, which is called as selective autophagy. Recent studies indicated that selective autophagy can effectively regulate the immune tolerance and avoid over-activation of immune response by targeting multiple receptors and effectors of immune cells. In this chapter, we will focus on how autophagy participates explicitly in the adaptive and innate immune tolerance.

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Abbreviations

AIM2:

Absent in melanoma 2

AMPK:

Adenine monophosphate activated protein kinase

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

ASC:

Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD

BMDM:

Bone marrow derived macrophages

caspase:

Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase

CCL5:

CC chemokine ligand 5

CD4:

Cluster of differentiation 4

cGAMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate

cGAS:

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase

cTEC:

Thymic cortical epithelial cell

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4

DAMP:

Danger-associated molecular pattern

DC:

Dendritic cell

DP:

Double-positive cell

EGR:

Early growth response protein

FAO:

Fatty acid oxidation

FAS:

Fatty acid biosynthesis

GSDMD:

Gasdermin D

GWAS:

Genome-wide association study

GZMB:

Granzyme B

HFD:

High-fat diet

HSV-1:

Herpes simplex virus type 1

IFN:

Interferon

IKK:

IκB kinase

IL:

Interleukin

ILC:

Innate lymphoid cell

IRF3:

Interferon regulatory factor 3

ISG15:

Interferon-stimulated gene 15

JAK2:

Janus kinase 2

JIA:

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

LC3:

Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LRRC25:

Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 25

MAVS:

Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88

NBR1:

Neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1

NDP52:

Nuclear dot protein 52 kDa

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-B

NK:

Natural killer cell

NLRP3:

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3

NOD2:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2

OPTN:

Optineurin

PAI-2:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PD1:

Programmed cell death protein 1

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

PTPN1:

Non receptor type 1

RIG-I:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SKP2:

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2

STAT1:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

STING:

Stimulator of interferon genes protein

TAK1:

Transforming growth factor activated kinase-1

TBK1:

TANK-binding kinase 1

TCR:

T cell receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

Th:

Helper T cell

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Treg:

Regulatory T cell

TRIF:

TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1

TRIM:

Tripartite motif containing

ULK1:

UNC-51-like kinase 1

VPS34:

Vacuolar protein sorting 34

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Yao-Xing Wu, Shou-Heng Jin & Jun Cui

Authors
  1. Yao-Xing Wu
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  2. Shou-Heng Jin
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  3. Jun Cui
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Cui .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Zheng-Hong Qin

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Wu, YX., Jin, SH., Cui, J. (2019). Autophagy and Immune Tolerance. In: Qin, ZH. (eds) Autophagy: Biology and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1206. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_28

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