Skip to main content

Globalization and Deep Culture Learning

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Language, Culture, and the Embodied Mind
  • 640 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores how emerging insights into cognition and mind can inform our understanding of cultural learning objectives. It focuses on contrasting visions of intercultural awareness articulated by Edward Hall and Marshall McLuhan: (1) a transcendent view, and (2) a deep culture view. The former emphasizes the development of high-level cognitive processes, such as critical cultural awareness, while the latter emphasizes a process of inner change and development that is largely intuitive. This chapter will argue that our increased understanding of unconscious cognition is providing us with new paradigms for understanding cultural learning. These are said to be consistent with the view of Edward Hall, who saw culture as deep patterns of mind that influences us in ways we are unaware of, that can be uncovered by experiencing cultural difference, and that are difficult to change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adler, Peter S. 1977. Beyond cultural identity: Reflections upon cultural and multicultural man. In Culture learning: Concepts, application and research, ed. Richard Brislin. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alptekin, C. 2002. Towards intercultural communicative competence in ELT. ELT Journal 56 (1): 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, Daniel. 2012. Culture and education: New frontiers in brain plasticity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (2): 93–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariely, Dan. 2009. Predictably irrational. New York, NY: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banaji, Mahzarin R., and Anthony G. Greenwald. 2013. Blind spot: Hidden biases of good people. New York: Delacorte Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkow, Jerome H., Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. 1992. The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Milton J. 1968. A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 10: 179–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Milton J. 1993. Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In Education for the intercultural experience, ed. Michael R. Paige, 21–71. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, Michael. 1997. Teaching and assessing communicative intercultural competence. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, Michael, Adam Nichols, and David Stevens. 2001. Developing intercultural competence in practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, Michael, Bella Gribkova, and Hugh Starkey. 2002. Developing the intercutural dimension in language teaching: A practical introduction for teachers. Strasbourg: Language Policy Division, Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, Andrea. 2013. A literature review of cognitive biases in negotiation processes. International Journal of Conflict Management 24 (4): 374–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celce-Murcia, Marianne, Zoltan Domyei, and Sarah Thurrell. 1993. A pedagogical framework for communicative competence: Content specifications and guidelines for communicative language teaching. In Proceedings of the 1993 Deseret Language and Linguistics Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiao, Joan Y. 2009. Cultural neuroscience: Cultural influences on brain function. In Progress in brain research. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cots, Josep M., and Enric Llurda. 2010. Constructing and deconstructing interculturality. In Becoming intercultural: Inside and outside the classroom, ed. Yau Tsai and Stephanie Houghton. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, Adriana Raquel. 2013. Developing critical languaculture pedagogies in higher education. Languages for Intercultural Communication and Education. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epley, Nicholas, and Adam Waytz. 2010. Mind perception. In Handbook of social psychology, ed. Susan T. Fiske and Daniel T. Gilbert. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Thomas. 2005. The world is flat. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, Jan. 1984. Cultural awareness teaching techniques. Brattleboro: Pro Lingua Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Edward T. 1959. The silent language. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Edward T. 1976. Beyond culture. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Edward T. 1984. The dance of life: The other dimension of time. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Edward T. 1992. An anthropology of everyday life. Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, S., G. Northoff, K. Vogeley, B.E. Wexler, S. Kitayama, and M.E.W. Varnum. 2011. Cultural neuroscience approach to the biosocial nature of the human brain. Annual Review of Psychology 64 (1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-071112-054629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Shihui. 2015. Intergroup relationship and empathy for others’ pain: A social neuroscience approach. In Neuroscience in intercultural contexts, ed. Jason E. Warnick and Dan Landis. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Shihui, and Georg Northoff. 2008. Culture-sensitive neural substrates of human cognition: a transcultural neuroimaging approach. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9: 646–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanvey, Robert. 1979. Cross-cultural awareness. In Toward internationalism: Readings in cross-cultural communication, ed. Elise C. Smith and Louise F. Luce, 46–56. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, Stephanie Ann, Yumiko Furumura, Maria Lebedko, and Song Li. 2013. Critical cultural awareness: Managing steretypes through intercultural (language) education. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingulsrud, John E., Kimiko Kaib, Seiko Kadowakic, Shigeko Kurobanec, and Mari Shiobarad. 2002. The assessment of cross-cultural experience: measuring awareness through critical text analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 26 (5): 473–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Sheena. 2010. The art of choosing. New York: Twelve.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Heejung S., and Joni Y. Sasaki. 2014. Cultural neuroscience: Biology of the mind in cultural contexts. Annual Review of Psychology 65 (24): 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Young Yun. 2001. Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luna, David, Torsten Ringberg, and Laura A. Peracchio. 2008. One individual, two identities: Frame switching among biculturals. Journal of Consumer Research 35 (2): 279–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLuhan, M., and Q. Fiore. 1968. War and peace in the global village. New York: Bantam.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding media. New York: Mentor.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLuhan, Marshal. 2011. The Gutenberg galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlodinow, Leonard. 2012. Subliminal: How your unconscious mind rules your behavior. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, C.L., and K.R. Kroeger. 2001. Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education 5 (2): 16–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paige, R. Michael. 1993. On the nature of intercultural experiences and intercultural education. In Education for the intercultural experience, ed. R. Michael Page, 1–20. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, Steven. 2011. The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richerson, Peter J., and Robert Boyd. 2005. Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, Jeremy. 2009. The empathic civilization: The race to global consciousness in a world in crisis. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, Everett M. 2000. The extensions of men: The correspondence of Marshall McLuhan and Edward T. Hall. Mass Communication & Society 3 (1): 117–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahaeian, Ameneh, Mark Nielsen, Candida C. Peterson, and Virgina Slaughter. 2014. Cultural and family influences on children’s theory of mind development: A comparison of Australian and Iranian school-age children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 45 (4): 555–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaules, Joseph. 2007. Deep culture: The hidden challenges of global living. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaules, Joseph. 2014. The intercultural mind: Connecting culture and cognition. Boston, MA: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, Lise M. 2000. Beyond multicultural man: complexities of identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 24 (2): 173–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomalin, Barry, and Susan Stempleski. 1993. Cultural awareness. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, Brian. 2000. Materials for cultural awareness. The Language Teacher 24 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Yau. 2010. From intercultural learning to interculturality and second/foreign language acquisition: How and why? In Becoming intercultural: Inside and outside the classroom, ed. Yau Tsai and Stephanie Houghton. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Yau, and Stephanie Houghton. 2010. Becoming intercultural: Inside and outside the classroom. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes, Joyce Merrill. 1986. Culture bound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsch, Wolfgang. 1999. Transculturality—The puzzling form of cultures today. In Spaces of culture: City, nation, world, ed. Mike Featherstone and Scott Lash. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia. List of cognitive biases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases. Accessed 1st March 2019.

  • Wilson, Timothy D. 2002. Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, Etsuko. 2010. Developing criticality through higher education language studies. In Becoming intercultural: Inside and outside the classroom, ed. Yau Tsai and Stephanie Houghton. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Michael J. 2011. Modeling cultural frame shifting. Paper presented at the 20th behavior representation in modeling & simulation (BRIMS) conference 2011, Sundance, Utah.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, Jamil. 2014. Empathy: A motivated account. Psychological Bulletin 140 (6): 1608–1647.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph Shaules .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shaules, J. (2019). Globalization and Deep Culture Learning. In: Language, Culture, and the Embodied Mind. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0587-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0587-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0586-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0587-4

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics