Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Children (Pediatric PNL)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

  • 513 Accesses

Abstract

Over the past several decades, there has been an increasing incidence of stone formation in children. Higher recurrence rates necessitate a multidisciplinary approach and team work for a safe and successful treatment policy. Regarding the surgical management for the removal of stones and the preservation of renal development and function, minimized radiation exposure is one of the most important factors to be considered. Complete stone clearance through experienced hands is the most important goal, and the decision needs to be individualized to the patients depending on the patient-related (age and anatomy) and stone-related (size, location, and composition) factors. At present minimal invasive management options include SWL, ureteroscopy, and PNL.

Regarding the pediatric PNL, although there is a meaningful reluctance due to the possible harmful effects of PNL on the growing kidney, PNL by using adult-sized instruments has proven itself to be safe and successful enough with comparable stone-free and complication rates. Additionally as a result of “miniaturization in PNL” concept, the use of smaller instruments has allowed the urologists to perform this procedure more commonly than ever in a safe and effective manner. The reported stone-free rates for these miniaturized techniques are 76–95% for mini, and 80–100% for the standard PNL procedures respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schultz-Lampel D, Lampel A. The surgical management of stones in children. BJU Int. 2001;87:732–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Erdenetsesteg G, Manohar T, Singh H, Desai MR. Endourologic management of pediatric urolithiasis: proposed clinical guidelines. J Endourol. 2006;20:737–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Dogan HS, Tekgul S. Management of pediatric stone disease. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8:163–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tan AH, Al-Omar M, Watterson JD, et al. Results of shockwave lithotripsy for pediatric urolithiasis. J Endourol. 2004;18:527–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cass AS. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy for lower pole nephrolithiasis? J Endourol. 1996;10:17–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Datta SN, Solanki R, Desai J. Prospective outcomes of ultra mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a consecutive cohort study. J Urol. 2016;195:741–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mishra S, Sharma R, Garg C, et al. Prospective comparative study of miniperc and standard PNL for treatment of 1 to 2 cm size renal stone. BJU Int. 2011;108:896–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Desai MR, Sharma R, Mishra S, et al. Single-step percutaneous nephrolithotomy (microperc): the initial clinical report. J Urol. 2011;186:140–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Silay MS, Tepeler A, Atis G, et al. Initial report of microperc in the treatment of pediatric nephrolithiasis. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48:1578–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dede O, Sancaktutar AA, Dagguli M, et al. Ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pediatric nephrolithiasis: both low pressure and high efficiency. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11:253.e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Samad L, Aquil S, Zaidi Z. Paediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy: setting new frontiers. BJU Int. 2006;97:359–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mor Y, Elmasry YE, Kellet MJ, et al. The role of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of pediatric renal calculi. J Urol. 1997;158:1319–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Boormans JL, Scheepe JR, Verkoelen CF, Verhagen PCMS. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating renal calculi in children. BJU Int. 2005;95(4):631–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Walsh DL, Jung C, Pope JC IV et al. An analysis of the efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of large renal calculi in children. Presented at the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Urology, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kapoor R, Solanki F, Singhania P, Andankar M, Pathak HR. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the pediatric population. J Endourol. 2008;22(4):637–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gonen M, Turunc T, Ozturk B, Aygun C, Ozkardes H. Outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children having complex stones. Urol Int. 2009;83:416–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Romanowsky I, Lismer L, Asali M, Rosenberg E, Kaneti J. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for pediatric renal calculus disease. 5 years of local experience. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2008;80:56–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Raza A, Turna B, Smith G, Moussa S, Tolley DA. Pediatric urolithiasis: 15 years of local experience with minimally invasive endourological management of pediatric calculi. J Urol. 2005;174:682–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. McAleer IM, Kaplan GW, Bradley JS, Carroll SF. Staghorn calculus endotoxin expression in sepsis. Urology. 2002;59:601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Michel MS, Trojan L, Rassweiler JJ. Complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51:899–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zeng G, Wan S, Zhao Z, et al. Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP): a new concept in technique and instrumentation. BJU Int. 2016;117:655–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Long CJ, Srinivasan AK. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy in children: evolutions. Urol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nouralizadeh A, Basiri A, Javaherforooshzadeh A, Soltani MH, Tajali F. Experience of percutaneous nephrolithotomy using adult-size instruments in children less than 5 years old. J Pediatr Urol. 2009;5(5):351–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Smaldone MC, Corcoran AT, Docimo SG, Ost MC. Endourological management of pediatric stone disease: present status. J Urol. 2009;181:17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.09.001. [PMID: 19012920].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mayo ME, Krieger JN, Rudd TG. Effect of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy on renal function. J Urol. 1985;133:167–9. [PMID: 3968724].

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dawaba MS, Shokeir AA, Hafez AT, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: early and late anatomical and functional results. J Urol. 2004;172(3):1078–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Desai MR, Kukreja RA, Patel SH, Bapat SD. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex pediatric renal calculus disease. J Endourol. 2004;18:23–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zeren S, Satar N, Bayazit Y, Bayazit AK, Payasli K, Ozkeceli R. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of pediatric renal calculi. J Endourol. 2002;16:75–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Tekgül S, Riedmiller H, Hoebeke P, Kočvara R, Nijman RJ, Radmayr C, Stein R, Dogan HS. EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eur Urol. 2012;62:534–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.059. [PMID: 22698573].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Davis RB, Farber NJ, Kaplan A, Patel R, Steckler RE, Elsamra SE. Contemporary practice pattern in the treatment of pediatric stone disease. Can J Urol. 2018;25(4):9427–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Çıtamak B, Altan M, Bozacı AC, Koni A, Doğan HS, Bilen CY, Şahin A, Tekgül S. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: 17-yeras of experience. J Urol. 2016;195(4 Pt 1):1082–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.11.070. Epub 2015 Dec 9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Salah MA, oth CT´, Khan AM, Holman E. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: experience with 138 cases in a developing country. World J Urol. 2004;22(4):277–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Aron M, Yadav R, Goel R, Hemal AK, Gupta NP. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complete staghorn calculi in preschool children. J Endourol. 2005;19(8):968–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Unsal A, Resorlu B, Kara C, Bozkurt OF, Ozyuvali E. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants, preschool age, and older children with different sizes of instruments. Urology. 2010;76(1):247–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Shokeir AA, Sheir KZ, El-Nahas AR, El-Assmy AM, Eassa W, El-Kappany HA. Treatment of renal stones in children: a comparison between percutaneous nephrolithotomy and shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 2006;176(2):706–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wright A, Rukin N, Smith D, et al. ‘Mini, ultra, micro’— nomenclature and cost of these new minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) techniques. Ther Adv Urol. 2016;8:142–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jackman SV, Hedican SP, Peters CA, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants and preschool age children: experience with a new technique. Urology. 1998;52:697–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Desai J, Zeng G, Zhao Z, et al. A novel technique of ultramini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy: introduction and an initial experience for treatment of upper urinary calculi less than 2 cm. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:490793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Karatag T, Tepeler A, Silay MS, et al. A comparison of 2 percutaneous nephrolithotomy techniques for the treatment of pediatric kidney stones of sizes 10–20 mm: Microperc vs miniperc. Urology. 2015;85:1015–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu Y, Wu W, Tuerxun A, Liu Y, Simayi A, Huang J, Batuer A, Zhou Y, Luo J, Zhong W, Zhao Z, Zhu W, Zeng G. Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of pediatric nephrolithiasis: evaluation of initial results. J Endourol. 2017;31:S38–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Caione P, Collura G, Innocenzi M, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for urinary stones in pediatric patients: where we are now. Transl Pediatr. 2016;5:266–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Medistate Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Rasim Guzel

  2. Department of Urology, Medical School, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Kemal Sarica

Authors
  1. Rasim Guzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kemal Sarica
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Guohua Zeng

  2. Department of Urology, Biruni University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey

    Kemal Sarica

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Guzel, R., Sarica, K. (2020). Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Children (Pediatric PNL). In: Zeng, G., Sarica, K. (eds) Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0575-1_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0575-1_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0574-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0575-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation