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Phthalates

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Book cover Health Impacts of Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals

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Abstract

Phthalate esters (PAE) are widely used plasticizers and solvents that are added to many consumer products used in our daily life. PAEs are not chemically bound to the polymer, and therefore are easily released or migrate into the environment including air, drink, foodstuffs, or furniture. Humans can be exposed to PAE through inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption, or contact with medical devices.

Approximately 70% of the oral dose is excreted in urine. Urinary monoesters are the major urinary metabolites of PAEs and commonly used as internal exposure indexes. Infants and children are more prone to expose to certain PAE than adolescents and adults due to their hand-to-mouth behavior. Adverse effects of PAE exposure have been observed in human studies, and verified in animal experiments. Prenatal PAE exposure is related to decreased levels of testosterone (TT), free TT, progesterone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in children. PAE exposure is also associated with developing allergic disease and obesity, decreasing intelligence quotient scores, and affecting psychological behaviors and renal function in children. Higher PAE exposure is also associated with endometriosis, leiomyoma, spontaneous abortion, fertility, and breast cancer in women and semen quality in men. More data are necessary for cancers of the breast, endometrial tissue, ovary, and/or prostate to understand the potential risk related to sex hormone sensitive neoplasms.

In summary, phthalates exposure was found to be associated with various adverse effects related to altered functions of systems including the endocrine, immune, nervous, and reproduction, particularly at critical development windows during fetal, fast growing, and pubertal stages. Future research is directed to multiple generation approach in humans and/or testing animals, and considerations of psychological parameters (i.e., stress) to provide a further wide observational window for the conclusion.

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  1. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Hui-Ju Wen, Tsung-Lin Tsai & Shu-Li Wang

  2. School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

    Han-Bin Huang

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  1. Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Reiko Kishi

  2. Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Philippe Grandjean

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Wen, HJ., Huang, HB., Tsai, TL., Wang, SL. (2020). Phthalates. In: Kishi, R., Grandjean, P. (eds) Health Impacts of Developmental Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0520-1_15

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