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A Comprehensive Review on Oxygenated Fuel Additive Options for Unregulated Emission Reduction from Diesel Engines

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Book cover Alternative Fuels and Their Utilization Strategies in Internal Combustion Engines

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Compared to petrol and diesel engines, higher fuel economy along with higher power output is obtainable from diesel engines. Further, it has better thermal efficiencies and torque characteristics. On the negative side, the diesel engines are a major source of both regulated and unregulated emissions causing deterioration in air quality causing greater health hazard. Therefore, there is an urgent need to mitigate the society from this peril. From the authors’ point of view compared to regulated emissions unregulated emissions should be tackled with greater zeal. There are three possibilities

  1. (i)

    to get rid of IC engines and to use electric vehicles,

  2. (ii)

    to discard present day petro diesel and go for hydrogen as a fuel,

  3. (iii)

    to use alternate source of energy like biodiesel and oxygenated additives to diesel.

The third one is relatively easy, quick and viable since no major change to be incorporated to the millions of existing engines. In this chapter, a review on the option of using oxygenated fuel additives such as biodiesel, acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) solution and water-emulsion as additives to reduce unregulated emissions is carried out. From this review, it becomes clear that more systematic research is absolutely essential to come to a definite conclusion on unregulated emissions such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic compounds (POPs) and carbonyls. When biodiesel and/or ABE solution in the diesel blends is used emissions such as particulate matter (PM), CO, PAHs and POPs do reduce. However, in most cases, the NOx emission increases. Further, through this review, a combination of factors such as higher oxygen content, more complete combustion and cooling effect could be brought out. Unregulated pollutant emissions can be reduced considerably if diesel blend, which contains proper amount of biodiesel, ABE solution and a small amount of water (0.5%), is employed appropriately. This means that such green fuels exhibit excellent performance in both brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and NOx–PM trade-off and in significant emission reductions for PAHs and POPs. This chapter proposes a green diesel fuel blend not only for scientific study but also for future practical application.

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Abbreviations

ABE:

Acetone–butanol–ethanol

BaPeq:

Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent

BEAM:

Butanol, ethanol, acetone, methanol

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

CO:

Carbon monoxide

cm:

Centimeter

DOC:

Diesel oxidation catalyst

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

Gt:

Gigaton

H2:

Hydrogen

HC:

Unburnt hydrocarbons

HMW:

High molecular weight

HRR:

Heat release rate

IC:

Internal combustion

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

LMW:

Low molecular weight

LTC:

Low temperature combustion

MMW:

Medium molecular weight

MAHs:

Mono aromatic hydrocarbons

MTBE:

Methyl tertiary butyl ether

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

OH:

Hydroxyl radical

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PBDD/Fs:

Polybrominated dibenzodioxins and furans

PBDEs:

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCDD/Fs:

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans

PM:

Particulate matter

POPs:

Persistent organic compounds

PPM:

Parts per million

SCR:

Selective catalytic reduction

SOx:

Oxides of sulfur

UNFCC:

United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

    Vijayashree & V. Ganesan

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  1. Vijayashree
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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Akhilendra Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, Varanasi, India

    Yogesh C. Sharma

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Nirendra N. Mustafi

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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Vijayashree, Ganesan, V. (2020). A Comprehensive Review on Oxygenated Fuel Additive Options for Unregulated Emission Reduction from Diesel Engines. In: Singh, A., Sharma, Y., Mustafi , N., Agarwal , A. (eds) Alternative Fuels and Their Utilization Strategies in Internal Combustion Engines. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0418-1_9

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