Abstract
African swine fever virus introduction to naïve swine population leads to high mortality and losses among susceptible animals. ASF epidemic in Russia (2007–to date) and lately in Eastern Europe highlights severe socio-economic consequences of this disease. The disease epidemiology is rather complex in endemic territories since many factors are involved in virus transmission. The disease control is only based on stamping-out policy and rapid virus diagnostics, since no effective and safe vaccine is available. This chapter focuses on African swine fever epidemiology, immunopathobiology and diagnostics with a brief overview of recent advances of ASF vaccine development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrams CC, Goatley L, Fishbourne E, Chapman D, Cooke L, Oura CA et al (2013) Deletion of virulence associated genes from attenuated African swine fever virus isolate OUR T88/3 decreases its ability to protect against challenge with virulent virus. Virology 443:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.028
Achenbach JE, Gallardo C, Nieto-Pelegrin E, Rivera-Arroyo B, Degefa-Negi T, Arias M et al (2017) Identification of a new genotype of African swine fever virus in domestic pigs from Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(5):1393–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12511
Afonso CL, Zsak L, Carrillo C, Borca MV, Rock DL (1998) African swine fever virus NL gene is not required for virus virulence. J Gen Virol 79:2543–2547
Afonso CL, Piccone ME, Zaffuto KM, Neilan J, Kutish GF, Lu Z et al (2004) African swine fever virus multigene family 360 and 530 genes affect host interferon response. J Virol 78:1858–1864. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.4.1858-1864.2004
Agüero M, Fernández J, Romero L, Mascaraque CS, Arias M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM (2003) Highly sensitive PCR assay for routine diagnosis of African swine fever virus in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 41:4431–4434. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.9.4431-4434.2003
Agüero M, Fernández J, Romero LJ, Zamora MJ, Sánchez C, Belák S et al (2004) A highly sensitive and specific gel-based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential diagnosis of African swine fever and Classical swine fever in clinical samples. Vet Res 35(5):551–563. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2004031
Alonso C, Borca M, Dixon L, Revilla Y, Rodriguez F, Escribano JM, Consortium IR (2018) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Asfarviridae. J Gen Virol 99(5):613–614. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001049
Anderson EC (1986) African swine fever: current concepts on its pathogenesis and immunology. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International Des Epizooties 5:477–486
Anderson EC, Hutchings GH, Mukarati N, Wilkinson PJ (1998) African swine fever virus infection of the bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus) and its significance in the epidemiology of the disease. Vet Microbiol 62:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00187-4
Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Arakelov V, Arakelov G et al (2018) Genistein inhibits African swine fever virus replication in vitro by disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Antivir Res 156:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.014
Argilaguet JM, Pérez-Martín E, Nofrarías M, Gallardo C, Accensi F, Lacasta A et al (2012) DNA vaccination partially protects against African swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies. PLoS One 7:e40942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040942
Argilaguet JM, Pérez-Martín E, López S, Goethe M, Escribano JM, Giesow K et al (2013) BacMam immunization partially protects pigs against sublethal challenge with African swine fever virus. Antivir Res 98:61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.005
Arias M, Romero L, Agüero M, Canals A, Zamora MJ, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM (2001) Eradication strategies of infectious diseases: African swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 123:40–46
Arias M, Jurado C, Gallardo C, Fernandez-Pinero J, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM (2018) Gaps in African swine fever: analysis and priorities. Transbound Emerg Dis 65(Suppl 1):235–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12695
Barderas MG, Rodríguez F, Gómez-Puertas P, Avilés M, Beitia F, Alonso C, Escribano JM (2001) Antigenic and immunogenic properties of a chimera of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins. Arch Virol 146:1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050170056
Bastos AP, Nix RJ, Boinas F, Mendes S, Silva MJ, Cartaxeiro C et al (2006a) Kinetics of African swine fever virus infection in Ornithodoros erraticus ticks. J Gen Virol 87:1863–1871. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81765-0
Bastos AP, Portugal RS, Nix RJ, Cartaxeiro C, Boinas F, Dixon LK et al (2006b) Development of a nested PCR and its internal control for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Ornithodoros erraticus. Arch Virol 151:819–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0654-2
Blome S, Gabriel C, Beer M (2013) Pathogenesis of African swine fever in domestic pigs and European wild boar. Virus Res 173:122–130. pii: S0168-1702(12)00415-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.026
Blome S, Gabriel C, Beer M (2014) Modern adjuvants do not enhance the efficacy of an inactivated African swine fever virus vaccine preparation. Vaccine 32(31):3879–3882. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VACCINE.2014.05.051
Boinas FS, Hutchings GH, Dixon LK, Wilkinson PJ (2004) Characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic African swine fever virus isolates from Ornithodoros erraticus inhabiting pig premises in Portugal. J Gen Virol 85:2177–2187. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80058-0
Boinas FS, Wilson AJ, Hutchings GH, Martins C, Dixon LJ (2011) The persistence of African swine fever virus in field-infected Ornithodoros erraticus during the ASF endemic period in Portugal. PLoS One 6:e20383. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020383
Bool PH, OrdaS A, SaNchez Botija C (1970) Fluorescent antibody test for African swine fever. Revista Del Patronato de Biologia Animal 14:115–132
Borca MV, Kutish GF, Afonso CL, Irusta P, Carrillo C, Brun A et al (1994) An African swine fever virus gene with similarity to the T-lymphocyte surface antigen CD2 mediates hemadsorption. Virology 199:463–468. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1146
Borca MV, O’Donnell V, Holinka LG, Ramirez-Medina E, Clark BA, Vuono EA et al (2018) The L83L ORF of African swine fever virus strain Georgia encodes for a non-essential gene that interacts with the host protein IL-1beta. Virus Res 249:116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.017
Bosch J, Rodriguez A, Iglesias I, Munoz MJ, Jurado C, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, de la Torre A (2017) Update on the risk of introduction of African swine fever by wild boar into disease-free European union countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(5):1424–1432. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12527
Brown A-A, Penrith ML, Fasina FO, Beltran-Alcrudo D (2018) The African swine fever epidemic in West Africa, 1996-2002. Transbound Emerg Dis 65(1):64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12673
Burmakina G, Malogolovkin A, Tulman ER, Zsak L, Delhon G, Diel DG et al (2016) African swine fever virus serotype-specific proteins are significant protective antigens for African swine fever. J Gen Virol 97(7):1670–1675. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000490
Burrage TG (2013) African swine fever virus infection in Ornithodoros ticks. Virus Res 173:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.010
Burrage TG, Lu Z, Neilan JG, Rock DL, Zsak L (2004) African swine fever virus multigene family 360 genes affect virus replication and generalization of infection in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks. J Virol 78:2445–2453. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.5.2445-2453.2004
Caporale V, Rutili D, Nannini D, di Francesco C, Ghinato C (1988) Epidemiology of classical swine fever in Italy from 1970 to 1985. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International Des Epizooties 7:599–617
Carlson J, O’Donnell V, Alfano M, Velazquez Salinas L, Holinka LG, Krug PW et al (2016) Association of the host immune response with protection using a live attenuated African swine fever virus model. Viruses 8(10):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8100291
Chichikin AY, Gazaev IK, Tsybanov SZ, Kolvasov D (2012) A non-contact method for selecting saliva from a wild boar in African swine fever. Veterinariya 6:26–28
Cisek AA, Dabrowska I, Gregorczyk KP, Wyzewski Z (2016) African swine fever virus: a new old enemy of Europe. Ann Parasitol 62(3):161–167
Costard S, Wieland B, de Glanville W, Jori F, Rowlands R, Vosloo W et al (2009) African swine fever: how can global spread be prevented? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:2683–2696. Retrieved from 19687038%5CnPM
Costard S, Mur L, Lubroth J, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Pfeiffer DU (2013) Epidemiology of African swine fever virus. Virus Res 173:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030
Davies K, Goatley LC, Guinat C, Netherton CL, Gubbins S, Dixon LK, Reis AL (2017) Survival of African swine fever virus in excretions from pigs experimentally infected with the Georgia 2007/1 isolate. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(2):425–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12381
de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Weesendorp E, Elbers ARW, Bouma A, Quak S, Stegeman JA, Loeffen WLA (2012) African swine fever virus excretion patterns in persistently infected animals: a quantitative approach. Vet Microbiol 160:327–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.025
de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Weesendorp E, Quak S, Stegeman JA, Loeffen WLA (2014) Suitability of faeces and tissue samples as a basis for non-invasive sampling for African swine fever in wild boar. Vet Microbiol 172:449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.016
De Kock G, Robinson EM, Keppel JJG (1940) Swine fever in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 14:31–93
Diaz AV, Netherton CL, Dixon LK, Wilson AJ (2012) African swine fever virus strain Georgia 2007/1 in Ornithodoros erraticus ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1026–1028. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111728
Dixon LK, Wilkinson PJ (1988) Genetic diversity of African swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) inhabiting warthog burrows in Zambia. J Gen Virol 69:2981–2993. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-69-12-2981
Dixon LK, Abrams CC, Chapman DDG, Goatley LC, Netherton CL, Taylor G, Takamatsu HH (2013) Prospects for development of African swine fever virus vaccines. Dev Biol 135:147–157. https://doi.org/10.1159/000170936
Edgar G, Hart L, Hayston JT (1952) Studies on the viability of the virus of swine fever. Report 14th International Veterinary Congress, vol 2, pp 387–391
EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare) (2014) Scientific opinion on African swine fever. EFSA J 12(4):3628. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3628
Fernández-Pinero J, Gallardo C, Elizalde M, Robles A, Gómez C, Bishop R et al (2013) Molecular diagnosis of African swine fever by a new real-time PCR using universal probe library. Transbound Emerg Dis 60:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01317.x
Fillipova NA (1966) Arachnids. In: Fauna of the USSR
Freitas FB, Frouco G, Martins C, Leitao A, Ferreira F (2016) In vitro inhibition of African swine fever virus-topoisomerase II disrupts viral replication. Antivir Res 134:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.021
Gabriel C, Blome S, Malogolovkin A, Parilov S, Kolbasov D, Teifke JP, Beer M (2011) Characterization of African swine fever virus Caucasus isolate in European wild boars. Emerg Infect Dis 17(12):2342–2345. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110430
Galindo I, Almazán F, Bustos MJ, Viñuela E, Carrascosa AL (2000) African swine fever virus EP153R open reading frame encodes a glycoprotein involved in the hemadsorption of infected cells. Virology 266:340–351. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.0080
Gallardo C, Soler A, Nieto R, Carrascosa AL, De Mia GM, Bishop RP et al (2013) Comparative evaluation of novel African swine fever virus (ASF) antibody detection techniques derived from specific ASF viral genotypes with the OIE internationally prescribed serological tests. Vet Microbiol 162:32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.011
Gallardo C, Fernandez-Pinero J, Pelayo V, Gazaev I, Markowska-Daniel I, Pridotkas G et al (2014) Genetic variation among African swine fever genotype II viruses, eastern and central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 20(9):1544–1547. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140554
Gallardo C, Soler A, Nieto R, Sanchez MA, Martins C, Pelayo V et al (2015) Experimental transmission of African swine fever (ASF) low virulent isolate NH/P68 by surviving pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 62(6):612–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12431
Gallardo C, Nurmoja I, Soler A, Delicado V, Simón A, Martin E et al (2018) Evolution in Europe of African swine fever genotype II viruses from highly to moderately virulent. Vet Microbiol 219:70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.001
Gimenez-Lirola LG, Mur L, Rivera B, Mogler M, Sun Y, Lizano S et al (2016) Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies in serum and oral fluid specimens using a recombinant protein 30 (p30) dual matrix indirect ELISA. PLoS One 11(9):e0161230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161230
Gogin A, Gerasimov V, Malogolovkin A, Kolbasov D (2013) African swine fever in the North Caucasus region and the Russian Federation in years 2007-2012. Virus Res 173:198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.007
Goller KV, Malogolovkin AS, Katorkin S, Kolbasov D, Titov I, Höper D et al (2015) Tandem repeat insertion in African swine fever virus, Russia, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21:731–732. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2104.141792
Gómez-Puertas P, Rodríguez F, Oviedo JM, Ramiro-Ibáñez F, Ruiz-Gonzalvo F, Alonso C, Escribano JM (1996) Neutralizing antibodies to different proteins of African swine fever virus inhibit both virus attachment and internalization. J Virol 70:5689–5694
Gómez-Puertas P, Rodríguez F, Oviedo JM, Brun A, Alonso C, Escribano JM (1998) The African swine fever virus proteins p54 and p30 are involved in two distinct steps of virus attachment and both contribute to the antibody-mediated protective immune response. Virology 243:461–471. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9068
Greig A, Plowright W (1970) The excretion of two virulent strains of African swine fever virus by domestic pigs. J Hyg 68:673–682. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400042613
Greig AS, Boulanger P, Bannister GL (1967) African swine fever. V. Cultivation of the virus in primary pig kidney cells. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 31:24–31
Grossmann C, Tenbusch M, Nchinda G, Temchura V, Nabi G, Stone GW et al (2009) Enhancement of the priming efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding dendritic cell-targeted antigens by synergistic toll-like receptor ligands. BMC Immunol 10:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-10-43
Guinat C, Gubbins S, Vergne T, Gonzales JL, Dixon L, Pfeiffer DU (2016) Experimental pig-to-pig transmission dynamics for African swine fever virus, Georgia 2007/1 strain-CORRIGENDUM. Epidemiol Infect 144:3564–3566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816001667
Gutiérrez-Castañeda B, Reis AL, Corteyn A, Parkhouse RME, Kollnberger S (2008) Expression, cellular localization and antibody responses of the African swine fever virus genes B602L and K205R. Arch Virol 153:2303–2306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0246-z
Hammond RA, Detray DE (1955) A recent case of African swine fever in Kenya, East Africa. Am Vet Med Assoc 126:389–391
Hess WR (1981) African swine fever: a reassessment. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 25:39–69
Hess WR, Endris RG, Haslett TM, Monahan MJ, McCoy JP (1987) Potential arthropod vectors of African swine fever virus in North America and the Caribbean basin. Vet Parasitol 26:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(87)90084-7
Hess WR, Endris RG, Lousa A, Caiado JM (1989) Clearance of African swine fever virus from infected tick (Acari) colonies. J Med Entomol 26:314–317
Heuschele WP, Coggins L (1969) Epizootiology of African swine fever virus in warthogs. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 17:179–183
Hubner A, Petersen B, Keil GM, Niemann H, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W (2018) Efficient inhibition of African swine fever virus replication by CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of the viral p30 gene (CP204L). Sci Rep 8(1):1449. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19626-1
James HE, Ebert K, McGonigle R, Reid SM, Boonham N, Tomlinson JA et al (2010) Detection of African swine fever virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 164:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.11.034
Jurado C, Fernandez-Carrion E, Mur L, Rolesu S, Laddomada A, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM (2018) Why is African swine fever still present in Sardinia? Transbound Emerg Dis 65(2):557–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12740
Jurkov GG, Peskovatskov AP, Shpackov AK, Mackarevich VG, Cherevatenko BN, Balabanov VA (2014) Report on the results of studying the routes of African swine fever (ASF) entry and spreading over Odessa region in 1977
Karaulov AK, Shevtsov AA, Petrova ON, Korennoy FI, Vadopolas TV (2018) The forecast of African swine fever spread in Russia until 2025. Veterinaria i Kormlenie 3:12–14
King DP, Reid SM, Hutchings GH, Grierson SS, Wilkinson PJ, Dixon LK et al (2003) Development of a TaqMan PCR assay with internal amplification control for the detection of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 107:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00189-1
King K, Chapman D, Argilaguet JM, Fishbourne E, Hutet E, Cariolet R et al (2011) Protection of European domestic pigs from virulent African isolates of African swine fever virus by experimental immunisation. Vaccine 29:4593–4600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.052
Kleiboeker SB (2002) Swine fever: classical swine fever and African swine fever. Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 18:431–451
Kolbasov D, Titov I, Tsybanov S, Gogin A, Malogolovkin A (2018a) African swine fever virus, Siberia, Russia, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 24(4):796–798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2404.171238
Kolbasov DV, Gogin A, Malogolovkin A (2018b) Ten years with African swine fever—lessons learned. In: 25th International Pig Veterinary Society congress, p 37
Kollnberger SD, Gutierrez-Castañeda B, Foster-Cuevas M, Corteyn A, Parkhouse RME (2002) Identification of the principal serological immunodeterminants of African swine fever virus by screening a virus cDNA library with antibody. J Gen Virol 83:1331–1342
Korennoy FI, Gulenkin VM, Gogin AE, Vergne T, Karaulov AK (2017) Estimating the basic reproductive number for African swine fever using the Ukrainian historical epidemic of 1977. Transbound Emerg Dis 64:1858–1866. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12583
Kovalenko Y, Sidorov MA (1973) [Reservoirs and mode of circulation of African swine fever virus in nature]. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 8:598–606
Kovalev YI (2017) Veterinariy v svinovodstve. In: Swine production in Russia 2015-2020: current challenges, risks and solutions. Novosibirsk, 18–19 May
Lacasta A, Ballester M, Monteagudo PL, Rodríguez JM, Salas ML, Accensi F et al (2014) Expression library immunization can confer protection against lethal challenge with African swine fever virus. J Virol 88(22):13322–13332. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01893-14
Leifert JA, Rodriguez-Carreno MP, Rodriguez F, Whitton JL (2004) Targeting plasmid-encoded proteins to the antigen presentation pathways. Immunol Rev 199:40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0135.x
Leitão A, Cartaxeiro C, Coelho R, Cruz B, Parkhouse RME, Portugal FC et al (2001) The non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolate ASFV/NH/P68 provides a model for defining the protective anti-virus immune response. J Gen Virol 82:513–523
Lyra TMP (2006) The eradication of African swine fever in Brazil, 1978-1984. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 25:93–103
Makarov V, Nedosekov V, Sereda A, Matvienko N (2016) Immunological conception of African swine fever. Zool Ecol 26(3):236–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2016.1182822
Malogolovkin A, Yelsukova A, Gallardo C, Tsybanov S, Kolbasov D (2012) Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus isolates originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation between 2007 and 2011. Vet Microbiol 158(3–4):415–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.002
Malogolovkin A, Burmakina G, Titov I, Sereda A, Gogin A, Baryshnikova E, Kolbasov D (2015a) Comparative analysis of African swine fever virus genotypes and serogroups. Emerg Infect Dis 21(2):312–315. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2102.140649
Malogolovkin A, Burmakina G, Tulman ER, Delhon G, Diel DG, Salnikov N et al (2015b) African swine fever virus CD2v and C-type lectin gene loci mediate serological specificity. J Gen Virol 96(4):866–873. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000024
Mebus CA (1988) African swine fever. Adv Virus Res 35:251–269
Misinzo G (2012) African swine fever virus, Tanzania, 2010–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 193:319–328. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.121083
Monteagudo PL, Lacasta A, Lopez E, Bosch L, Collado J, Pina-Pedrero S et al (2017) BA71DeltaCD2: a new recombinant live attenuated African swine fever virus with cross-protective capabilities. J Virol 91(21):e01058-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01058-17
Mulumba-Mfumu LK, Achenbach JE, Mauldin MR, Dixon LK, Tshilenge CG, Thiry E et al (2017) Genetic assessment of African swine fever isolates involved in outbreaks in the democratic Republic of Congo between 2005 and 2012 reveals co-circulation of p72 genotypes I, IX and XIV, including 19 variants. Viruses 9(2):E31. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9020031
Mur L, Martínez-López B, Sánchez-Vizcaíno J (2012) Risk of African swine fever introduction into the European Union through transport-associated routes: returning trucks and waste from international ships and planes. BMC Vet Res 8:149. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-149
Mur L, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Fernandez-Carrion E, Jurado C, Rolesu S, Feliziani F et al (2018) Understanding African Swine Fever infection dynamics in Sardinia using a spatially explicit transmission model in domestic pig farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 65(1):123–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12636
Neilan JG, Zsak L, Lu Z, Kutish GF, Afonso CL, Rock DL (2002) Novel swine virulence determinant in the left variable region of the African swine fever virus genome. J Virol 76:3095–3104. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.7.3095-3104.2002
Nurmoja I, Petrov A, Breidenstein C, Zani L, Forth JH, Beer M et al (2017a) Biological characterization of African swine fever virus genotype II strains from north-eastern Estonia in European wild boar. Transbound Emerg Dis 64(6):2034–2041. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12614
Nurmoja I, Schulz K, Staubach C, Sauter-Louis C, Depner K, Conraths FJ, Viltrop A (2017b) Development of African swine fever epidemic among wild boar in Estonia—two different areas in the epidemiological focus. Sci Rep 7(1):12562. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12952-w
O’Donnell V, Holinka LG, Sanford B, Krug PW, Carlson J, Pacheco JM et al (2016) African swine fever virus Georgia isolate harboring deletions of 9GL and MGF360/505 genes is highly attenuated in swine but does not confer protection against parental virus challenge. Virus Res 221:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.014
O’Donnell V, Risatti GR, Holinka LG, Krug PW, Carlson J, Velazquez-Salinas L et al (2017) Simultaneous deletion of the 9GL and UK Genes from the African swine fever virus Georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge. J Virol 91(1):e01760-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01760-16
Oganesyan AS, Petrova ON, Korennoy FI, Bardina NS, Gogin AE, Dudnikov SA (2013) African swine fever in the Russian Federation: spatio-temporal analysis and epidemiological overview. Virus Res 173:204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.009
Okoth E, Gallardo C, Macharia JM, Omore A, Pelayo V, Bulimo DW et al (2013) Comparison of African swine fever virus prevalence and risk in two contrasting pig-farming systems in South-west and Central Kenya. Prev Vet Med 110:198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.012
Olesen AS, Lohse L, Hansen MF, Boklund A, Halasa T, Belsham GJ et al (2018) Infection of pigs with African swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Transbound Emerg Dis 65:1152–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12918
Olsevskis E, Guberti V, Serzants M, Westergaard J, Gallardo C, Rodze I, Depner K (2016) African swine fever virus introduction into the EU in 2014: experience of Latvia. Res Vet Sci 105:28–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.006
Onashvili T, Donduashvili M, Borca M, Mamisashvili E, Goginashvili K, Tighilauri T et al (2012) Countermeasures for the control of African Swine Fever in Georgia. Int J Infect Dis 16:e268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.920
Orfei Z, Persechino A, Lupini PM, Cassone A (1968) Haemadsorption test in the diagnosis of African swine fever in Italy. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet 21:850–854
Oura CAL, Edwards L, Batten CA (2013) Virological diagnosis of African swine fever—comparative study of available tests. Virus Res 173:150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.022
Owolodun OA, Yakubu B, Antiabong JF, Ogedengbe ME, Luka PD, John Audu B et al (2010) Temporal dynamics of African swine fever outbreaks in Nigeria, 2002-2007. Transbound Emerg Dis 57:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01153.x
Pan IC, Hess WR (1985) Diversity of African swine fever virus. Am J Vet Res 46:314–320
Pan IC, Shimizu M, Hess WR (1980) Replication of African swine fever virus in cell cultures. Am J Vet Res 41:1357–1367
Parker J, Plowright W, Pierce MA (1969) The epizootiology of African swine fever in Africa. Vet Rec 85:668–674
Pastor MJ, Laviada MD, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Escribano JM (1989) Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies by immunoblotting assay. Can J Vet Res = Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire 53:105–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v27i2.3518
Pejsak Z, Truszczyński M, Kozak E, Markowska-Daniel I (2014) [Epidemiological analysis of two first cases of African swine fever in wild boar in Poland] Analiza epidemiologiczna dwóch pierwszych przypadków afrykańskiego pomoru świń u dzików w Polsce. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 70:369–372. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903171078&partnerID=tZOtx3y1
Penrith ML (2009) African swine fever. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 76:91–95
Penrith ML, Thomson GR, Bastos ADS, Phiri OC, Lubisi BA, du Plessis EC et al (2004) An investigation into natural resistance to African swine fever in domestic pigs from an endemic area in southern Africa. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International Des Épizooties 23:965–977. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15861893%5Cnhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20053080761.html?resultNumber=18&start=0&q=(“‘hog+cholera”+OR+”’classical+swine+fever”)+AND+yr:[2000+TO+2012]+AND+(cattle+OR+sheep+OR+goats+OR+pigs+OR+poultry)+%5Cn%5Cn%5Cn&fq=gl_
Peritz FJ (1981) The evolution of African swine fever in Latin America and F.A.O.’s corresponding action programme. Bulletin de l’Office International Des Epizooties 93(469):499
Petrov A, Forth JH, Zani L, Beer M, Blome S (2018) No evidence for long-term carrier status of pigs after African swine fever virus infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 65:1318–1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12881
Pietschmann J, Guinat C, Beer M, Pronin V, Tauscher K, Petrov A et al (2015) Course and transmission characteristics of oral low-dose infection of domestic pigs and European wild boar with a Caucasian African swine fever virus isolate. Arch Virol 160(7):1657–1667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2430-2
Plowright W, Perry CT, Peirce MA (1970) Transovarial infection with African swine fever virus in the argasid tick, Ornithodoros moubata porcinus, Walton. Res Vet Sci 11:582–584
Plowright W, Thomson GR, Neser JA (2002) African swine fever. In: Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa, vol 2, pp 567–599. Retrieved from http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.08.01_ASF.pdf
Ramiro-Ibáñez F, Ortega A, Ruiz-Gonzalvo F, Escribano JM, Alonso C (1997) Modulation of immune cell populations and activation markers in the pathogenesis of African swine fever virus infection. Virus Res 47:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01403-7
Reis AL, Goatley LC, Jabbar T, Sanchez-Cordon PJ, Netherton CL, Chapman DAG, Dixon LK (2017a) Deletion of the African swine fever virus gene DP148R does not reduce virus replication in culture but reduces virus virulence in pigs and induces high levels of protection against challenge. J Virol 91(24):e01428-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01428-17
Reis AL, Netherton C, Dixon LK (2017b) Unraveling the armor of a killer: evasion of host defenses by African swine fever virus. J Virol 91(6):e02338-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02338-16
Rennie L, Wilkinson PJ, Mellor PS (2001) Transovarial transmission of African swine fever virus in the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata. Med Vet Entomol 15:140–146. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00282.x
Rock DL (2017) Challenges for African swine fever vaccine development—“... perhaps the end of the beginning”. Vet Microbiol 206:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.003
Rodríguez JM, Yáñez RJ, Almazán F, Viñuela E, Rodriguez JF (1993) African swine fever virus encodes a CD2 homolog responsible for the adhesion of erythrocytes to infected cells. J Virol 67:5312–5320
Salguero FJ, Ruiz-Villamor E, Bautista MJ, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC (2002) Changes in macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes during acute African swine fever: expression of cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 90:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00225-8
Salguero FJ, Gil S, Revilla Y, Gallardo C, Arias M, Martins C (2008) Cytokine mRNA expression and pathological findings in pigs inoculated with African swine fever virus (E-70) deleted on A238L. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 124:107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.012
Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC (2005) Evolution of T lymphocytes and cytokine expression in classical swine fever (CSF) virus infection. J Comp Pathol 132(4):249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.10.002
Sanchez-Cordon PJ, Chapman D, Jabbar T, Reis AL, Goatley L, Netherton CL et al (2017) Different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated African swine fever virus isolate OURT88/3. Antivir Res 138:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.021
Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Slauson DO, Ruiz-Gonzalvo F, Valero F (1981) Lymphocyte function and cell-mediated immunity in pigs with experimentally induced African swine fever. Am J Vet Res 42:1335–1341
Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Martínez-Lópeza B, Martínez-Avilés M, Martins C, Boinas F, Vial L et al (2009) Scientific review on African Swine Fever. CFP/EFSA/AHAW/2007/2, pp 1–141. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.EN-5
Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Mur L, Martínez-López B (2012) African swine fever: an epidemiological update. Transbound Emerg Dis 59:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01293.x
Sereda AD, Balyshev VM (2011) [Antigenic diversity of African swine fever viruses]. Vopr Virusol 56(4):38–42. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21899069
Sereda AD, Anokhina EG, Makarov VV (1994) [Glycoproteins from the African swine fever virus]. Vopr Virusol 39:278–281. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7716925
Sereda A, Selyaninov Y, Egorova I, Balyshev V, Bureev I, Kushnir A et al (2015) Testing means and methods of disinfection for the African swine fever virus. Veterinariya 7:51–55
Sereda A, Zhivodeorov S, Baluishev V, Strizhackova O, Sindryackova I, Lunitsin A, Kolbasov D (2016) Experience of determining disinfection level in carrying out African swine fever eradication campaigns in pig farms using a sentinel method. Veterinariya 6:44–48
Sierra MA, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Martin de las Mulas J, Méndez A, Jover A (1990) Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in lungs of pigs inoculated with African swine fever virus of differing virulence. J Comp Pathol 102:323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80021-7
Smietanka K, Wozniakowski G, Kozak E, Niemczuk K, Fraczyk M, Bocian L et al (2016) African swine fever epidemic, Poland, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 22(7):1201–1207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.151708
Smirnov AM, Butko MP (2011) Stability of the pathogen and measures to combat African swine fever. Veterinarian 6:2–7
Souto R, Mutowembwa P, van Heerden J, Fosgate GT, Heath L, Vosloo W (2016) Vaccine potential of two previously uncharacterized African swine fever virus isolates from southern Africa and heterologous cross protection of an avirulent European isolate. Transbound Emerg Dis 63:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12250
Stone SS, DeLay PD, Sharman EC (1968) The antibody response in pigs inoculated with attenuated African swine fever virus. Can J Comp Med (Gardenvale, Quebec) 32:455–460
Strizhakova OM, Lyska VM, Malogolovkin AS, Novikova MB, Sidlik MV, Nogina IV et al (2016) Validation of an ELISA kit for detection of antibodies against ASF virus in blood or spleen of domestic pigs and wild boars. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 51(6):845–852. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2016.6.845eng
Talaat AM, Stemke-Hale K (2005) Expression library immunization: a road map for discovery of vaccines against infectious diseases. Infect Immun 73(11):7089–7098. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.11.7089-7098.2005
Terpstra C, Wensvoort G (1986) African swine fever in the Netherlands. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 111:389–392
van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Babiuk SL, Babiuk LA (2004) Strategies for improved formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines to veterinary target species. Immunol Rev 199:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00140.x
Vishnjakov I, Mitin N, Karpov G, Kurinnov VJ (1991) Differentiation African and classical swine fever viruses. Veterinariya 4:28–31
Wilkinson PJ (1986) African swine fever in Belgium. State Vet J 40:123–129; 12 ref.
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2012) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animal
Wozniakowski G, Kozak E, Kowalczyk A, Lyjak M, Pomorska-Mol M, Niemczuk K, Pejsak Z (2016) Current status of African swine fever virus in a population of wild boar in eastern Poland (2014-2015). Arch Virol 161(1):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2650-5
Zani L, Forth JH, Forth L, Nurmoja I, Leidenberger S, Henke J et al (2018) Deletion at the 5′-end of Estonian ASFV strains associated with an attenuated phenotype. Sci Rep 8(1):6510. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24740-1
Zubairov M, Selyaninov Y, Roshchin A, Khokhlov P (2017) Аntiviral activity and therapeutic and preventive effect of phosphonoacetic acid and its derivatives. Electr J Chem Saf 1:146–157. https://doi.org/10.25514/CHS2017111440
Acknowledgements
All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective universities and institutes.
Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malogolovkin, A., Sereda, A., Kolbasov, D. (2020). African Swine Fever Virus. In: Malik, Y., Singh, R., Yadav, M. (eds) Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses . Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0401-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0402-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)