Abstract
We start by reviewing when valuation is needed—when property is measured using the revaluation model under IAS 16 or under the fair value model for investment properties under IAS 40, and for impairment testing. We proceed to discuss the concept of “highest and best use” in the particular context of valuing land. We outline three approaches to property valuation—the market, income and cost approaches. Under the market approach, we discuss the comparable transaction approach and the multiple regression approach. The comparable transactions approach values a property using the adjusted recent sales price of a similar property. In this context, we discuss two rules for measuring similarity between properties—the Euclidean norm, and the Minkowski p-norm. Multiple regression analysis values a property using data on the prices and other attributes of a number of other properties in the neighborhood. It seeks the pricing model that best fits actual data on pricing and these attributes from recently sold properties. We study two regression approaches—the standard ordinary least squares (OLS) approach and a spatial regression approach, geographically weighted regression. We turn next to income-based approaches, which derive the fair value of a property by capitalizing rental income from the property. We discuss two broad approaches—direct capitalization, which applies a standard multiple or rate based on the rental income, and yield capitalization, which applies a discounted cash flow methodology. Finally, we discuss the cost approach, which values a property at the replacement cost. This approach starts by estimating the required outlay for a brand-new replacement property (“duplication cost new”) and then applying a series of adjustments for the loss of value due to factors such as age.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This is an actual property that sold on 31 May 2019 for US$1,440,000.
- 2.
The results may be somewhat distorted by the anomalous observation #5.
- 3.
There is also a direct formula that calculates the position of one point, given the position of the other, the distance and some other parameters. The direct formula need not concern us.
- 4.
I used the spgwr package in R for the GWR runs reported here.
- 5.
Both predictions are significantly higher than the actual listed price of US$125,000. There may be some other price-reducing factor that is not reflected in our data.
References
Brueggeman, W., & Fisher, J. (2018). Real estate finance and investments. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A., & Charlton, M. (1996). Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial non-stationarity. Geographical Analysis, 28, 281–298.
Catty, J. (Ed.). (2010). Wiley guide to fair value under IFRS (1st ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.
Karney, C. (2012). Algorithms for geodesics, arXiv:1109.4448.
Pagourtzi, E., Assimakopoulos, V., Hatzichristos, T., & French, N. (2003). Real estate appraisal: A review of valuation methods. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 21(4), 383–401.
Sinnott, R. (1984). Virtues of the haversine. Sky and Telescope, 68, 159.
Vincenty, T. (1975). Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with application of nested equations. Survey Review, XXII, 88–93.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lynn, S. (2020). Property. In: Valuation for Accountants. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0357-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0357-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0356-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0357-3
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)